229 Abram, Ruth, 104 affirmative action, ix, 1, 147, 161, 169, 176, 181, 183, 184, 186, 189, 190 AFL-CIO, 20 African Insurance Company, 44 African Methodist Episcopal Church, 42 Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), 38 Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody (1975), 177 Alexander, Fred, 73, 98 Alexander, Kelly M., 73, 74, 76, 82, 98, 99, 103 Ali, Muhammad, 174 Allen, Richard, 44 Allen and Ginter, 51 Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, 97 Amaker, Norman, 98 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 20 American Tobacco Company, 45, 46, 51, 84, 177 Anson County, 73 Arrington v. Massachusetts Bay Transportation (1969), 165 Asheville, N.C., 42, 72, 99, 101 Asheville Student Committee on Racial Equality (ASCORE), 99 Austin, Louis, 61, 69, 71, 72, 74 Baker, Ella J., 72, 79 Barnhill, M. V., 65 Barrett, Richard, 106, 137 Bell, Derrick, 98 Belton, Robert, 104, 105, 106, 109, 113, 114, 117, 121, 122–24, 126–28, 130, 136, 139, 142, 145, 147, 155, 156, 157, 172, 173, 177, 189 Bennett Mechanical Comprehension Test, 57, 159 Black, Hugo, 155, 162, 164 black migration (Great Migration), 9, 39, 185, 186 Blackmun, Harry, 163 Blackstock, Junior, 111, 144, 146 Blasi, Vincent, 163 Bluford, Ferdinand Douglas, 76 Blumrosen, Alfred, 30, 31, 107, 182 Boggs, James, 6 Boyd, Idabelle, 35, 37 Boyd, Trodry (T. W.), 35, 36 Boyd, Willie Rufus, x, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 34–40, 46–48, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 66, 67, 69, 75, 81, 82–90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 103, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 117, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 149, 156, 175, 176, 177–80, 187, 188, 189 Boyd siblings, 39 Brandon, John L., 74 Brennan, William J., 162 Broadnax, Eddie, 146 Brown v. Board of Education (1954), 1, 5, 7, 13, 14, 22, 30, 56, 57, 62, 66, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 84, 91, 96, 100, 108, 109, 145, 154, 155, 162, 173, 186 Bryant, Robert E., 27 Index 230 Index Burger, Warren, 145, 162, 163–67, 169, 170–72 Butzner, John, 138, 139, 147, 151, 156 Cannon Mills, 179, 180 Carmichael, Stokely, 83 Carnegie, Andrew, 50 Carolina Times, 43, 69, 71 Carver, George Washington, 50 Case, Clifford, 27, 28, 29 Caswell County, N.C., 35 Catawba River, 52 cease and desist orders, 19, 26, 27, 28, 30, 89, 135, 182 Chambers, Ferguson, Stein and Lanning, 5, 91, 102, 189 Chambers, Julius LaVonne, 5, 91, 92, 93, 96– 100, 102, 105, 106, 113, 117, 162, 164, 189 Charlotte, N.C., x, 5, 42, 52, 72, 73, 77, 80, 86, 87, 91, 92, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 105, 164, 174, 186 Charlotte Observer, 174 Chicago, Ill., 185 Citizen’s Council, 78 Civil Rights Act of 1964, ix, 1, 23–33, 82, 84, 94, 113, 114, 133, 141, 149, 167 Civil Rights Act of 1991, 189 civility. See etiquette of civility Clark, Joseph, 27, 28 Clark-Case Memorandum, 26, 27, 28, 137, 138, 150, 152, 168, 170 Clement, Rufus, 71 client-activists, 4, 8, 14, 61, 66, 69, 91, 92, 93, 94, 100, 108, 132 Cohen, Lawrence, 169 Cole, James “Catfish,” 80 Columbia Mills Company, 52 Columbia University, 94, 101 Congaree River, 52 Congress of Industrial Organizations, 20 Cooper, George, 106 cooperating attorneys, 61, 92, 96, 98, 101, 102, 103, 104, 118, 132 Crawford, Daisy, 179, 180 Daily, Ruben, 99 Dan River Station, 10, 11, 47, 85, 86, 87, 88, 110, 113, 116, 119, 127, 136, 137, 139, 146, 175; departments, 54–55; labor practices, 54–59; segregated facilities, 53 Dawkins, Pinckney William, 44 deindustrialization (industrial decline), 12, 3, 94, 187 Department of Justice (Justice Department, DOJ), 68, 80, 161, 189 Detroit, Mich., 11–13, 67, 185 Diggs, Edward O., 74 Dirksen-Mansfield Substitute, 26, 28 disparate impact (disparate effect), 1, 21, 22, 23, 29, 32, 110, 115, 117, 125, 130, 134, 135, 140, 145, 146, 151, 161, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 180, 181, 182, 183, 189 disparate treatment, 25, 32, 107, 109, 110, 112, 153, 160, 174 Double V Campaign, 71, 97 Douglas, Davison, 6, 7 Douglas, William O., 22, 162 Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt, 42, 71 Duke Power Company, 10, 29, 32, 35, 45, 47, 48, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 81, 84–89, 95 103, 106, 107, 110, 111–15, 116, 119, 121–29, 130–45, 146, 149–53, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169–75, 176, 178, 188 Duke University, 48, 79, 117, 119 Duke, Artelia, 48 Duke, Benjamin Newton, 45...