Beyond Papillon: The French Overseas Penal Colonies, 1854-1952

Notes

T Notes Introduction 1. Charrière’s work is generally considered one of “historical fabrication, with very little basis in fact.” Miles, Devil’s Island, 114–15. 2. Audisio, “Recherches sur l’origine et la signification du mot bagne,’” 367. 3. For accounts within the context of crime and punishment in France, see Wright, Between the Guillotine and Liberty; O’Brien, The Promise of Punishment ; Petit, La prison, le bagne et l’histoire; and Petit, Histoire des galères, bagnes et prisons. Within the colonial context, see Price, The Convict and the Colonel; Merle, Expériences coloniales; and Sénès, La vie quotidienne en Nouvelle -Calédonie. For popular treatments of the penal colonies, see Miles, Devil’s Island; Pierre, La terre de la grande punition; Pierre, Le Dernier Exil; and Le Clère, La vie quotidienne dans les bagnes. 4. Redfield, Space in the Tropics. 5. Redfield was a former student of Paul Rabinow, who has written much about the concept of “modernity.” See Rabinow, French Modern. 6. Bullard, Exile to Paradise. 7. Foucault, Discipline and Punish, 272, 279. 8. Garland, “Foucault’s Discipline and Punish,” 873. 9. Zinoman, The Colonial Bastille, 7. 10. The term “Other” is not used by Zinoman but is certainly applicable. The notion is drawn from Edward Said’s Orientalism. 11. Sen, Disciplining Punishment, 13. 12. Hume, “Bentham’s Panopticon”; Jackson, “Luxury in Punishment,” 45. T  13. Forster, France and Botany Bay. 14. Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum, xx. 15. Spierenburg, The Prison Experience, 2. 1. France and Penal Colonization 1. O’Brien, The Promise of Punishment, 260. 2. Wright, Between the Guillotine and Liberty, 92. For information on the transportation of political prisoners to Algeria, see Rudé, Bagnes d’Afrique. 3. For information on the galleys, see Bamford, Fighting Ships and Prisons ; and Bourdet-Pléville, Justice in Chains. 4. Zysberg, “Galley and Hard Labor Convictions in France,” 115. 5. Jacques Valette, “Profil d’un bagnard de Rochefort ou la légende noire du bagne,” in Petit, La prison, le bagne et l’histoire, 83. 6. Zysberg, “Galley and Hard Labor Convictions in France,” 112. 7. Wright, Between the Guillotine and Liberty, 6. 8. Ministère de la Justice, Compte générale de l’administration de la justice criminelle, 1850, contains data on crime subsequent to 1825. 9. See Chevalier, Laboring Classes and Dangerous Classes. 10. Moreau-Christophe, De la réforme des prisons en France, 138. 11. Gillis, “Crime and State Surveillance,” 314. 12. See La Berge, Mission and Method; Coleman, Death Is a Social Disease. 13. Louis Moreau-Christophe, untitled article, Revue pénitentiaire 1 (1843): 10. 14. Brétignières de Courteilles, Les condamnés, ii–iii. 15. Faucher, “La chaîne,” 37. 16. Forstenzer, French Provincial Police, 109. See Forster, France and Botany Bay, 155 n. 1. 17. Appert, Bagnes, prisons et criminels, 3:17–18. 18. Faucher, De la réforme des prisons, 150. 19. Lucas, “Économie politique,” 380. 20. As Ratcliffe points out in “The Chevalier Thesis Reexamined,” contemporaries often did not take into account patterns of circular migration. Notes to Pages xiv–4 T  21. Beaumont and Tocqueville, Du système pénitentiaire aux Etats-Unis, 104. 22. Huerne de Pommeuse, Des colonies agricoles, 156. 23. The most extensive treatment of Mettray appears in Gaillac, Les maisons de correction. 24. Wright, Between the Guillotine and Liberty, 90. 25. Faucher, De la réforme des prisons, 150. 26. Sarraméa, Considérations sur la maison centrale, 113. 27. Petit, “Birth and Reform of Prisons in France,” 139. 28. C. R. Ageron, France coloniale ou parti colonial?, cited in Petit, “Birth and Reform of Prisons in France,” 139. 29. Frégier, Des classes dangereuses, 1:7. 30. Chevalier, Laboring Classes and Dangerous Classes, 433. 31. Ferrus, Des prisonniers, 244. 32. O’Brien, The Promise of Punishment, 20–21. 33. Faucher, “La chaîne,” 37. 34. This brief discussion owes much to Duesterberg, “Criminology and the Social Order,” 36–38. 35. For information on these organizations, see C. Duprat, “Punir et guérir.” 36. Wright, Between the Guillotine and Liberty, 132. 37. O’Brien, The Promise of Punishment, 20–21. 38. Moreau-Christophe, De la réforme des prisons, 445. 39. On the work regime inside the nineteenth–century French penitentiary , see O’Brien, The Promise of Punishment, 150–90. For broader discussions of labor within the prison, see Melossi...