The Rhizomatic West: Representing the American West in a Transnational, Global, Media Age

Notes

325 NOTES Introduction 1. Edward Said, The World, the Text, and the Critic (London: Vintage, 1991), 226, 241. 2. Dick Ellis, “Be a Crossroads: Globalising from Within,” 49th Parallel: An Interdisciplinary Journal of North American Studies 8 (2001), http://artsweb.bham.ac .uk/49thparallel. 3. Charles Bowden, Blood Orchid: An Unnatural History of America (New York: Random House, 1995), 113. 4.JamesClifford,“TravelingCultures,”inCulturalStudies,ed.LawrenceGrossberg et al. (London: Routledge, 1992), 99, 100 (emphasis added). Clifford’s idea of the “ethnographic frame” relates to my discussions of the grid and the frame elsewhere in this introduction. 5. Paul Gilroy, “Route Work: The Black Atlantic and the Politics of Exile,” in The Post-Colonial Question, ed. Iain Chambers and Lidia Curti (London: Routledge, 1996), 17; Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes (London: Routledge, 1995), 6–7. 6. Clifford, “Traveling Cultures,” 100; Pratt, Imperial Eyes, 7. 7. Paul Giles, “Transnationalism in Practice,” 49th Parallel: An Interdisciplinary Journal of North American Studies 8 (2001), http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/49th parallel. 8. These are key terms in John Tomlinson’s assessment of globalization in his Globalization and Culture (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000), 1–15, 14. 9. Tomlinson, Globalization and Culture, 28; Clifford, “Traveling Cultures,” 100–101. 10. Giles, “Transnationalism in Practice,” 4. 11. James Clifford, Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), 3. 12. Tomlinson, Globalization and Culture, 30, argues that deterritorialization is a globalizing process that “weakens the ties of culture to place,” acting as a way of uprooting such myths and traditions. 13. Bowden, Blood Orchid, n.p., 18, 260, 262. 14. Bowden, Blood Orchid, 29. 15. Clifford, “Traveling Cultures,” 101. 16. For more on this see my “Producing America: Redefining Post-tourism in the Global Media Age,” in The Media and the Tourist Imagination: Converging Cultures, ed. David Crouch, Rhona Jackson, and Felix Thompson (London: Routledge, 2005), 198–214. 17. Owen Wister, The Virginian (New York: Signet, 1979), 92–93. For more discussion of The Virginian see Neil Campbell, “Wister’s Retreat from Hybridity,” in Reading The Virginian in the New West, ed. Melody Graulich and Stephen Tatum (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003). 326 18. Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Problem of the West,” in Frontier and Section : Selected Essays (Englewood Cliffs nj: Prentice-Hall, 1961), 75. 19. Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” in Turner, Frontier and Section, 46. 20. Richard Slotkin, Regeneration through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier (Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1973), 8. 21. Bowden, Blood Orchid, 8–9. 22. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus (London: Athlone Press, 1996), 16, 15. 23. John Rajchman, The Deleuze Connections (Cambridge: mit Press, 2000), 98. 24. Roland Barthes, Image/Music/Text (1977; London: Fontana, 1979), 148. 25. Gerald Vizenor, Fugitive Poses (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998); see also Michel Foucault, “Two Lectures,” in Power/Knowledge (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1980), for his discussion of alternative history, or what he terms “genealogy.” 26. Kathleen Stewart, A Space on the Side of the Road: Cultural Poetics in an “Other” America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 20. 27. Foucault, Power/Knowledge, 82. 28. Rajchman, The Deleuze Connections, 99–100. 29. See Rajchman, The Deleuze Connections; and Gilles Deleuze, Francis Bacon: The Logic of Sensation (London: Continuum, 2004). 30. Rajchman, The Deleuze Connections, 100; John Rajchman, Constructions (Cambridge : mit Press, 1998), 15, 16. 31. Deleuze quoted in Rajchman, The Deleuze Connections, 21, 22. 32. Bowden uses the term “schedule” to define a dark vision of a world under control (Blood Orchid, 158). Later in his work he employs the term “rules” to represent this similar rigidified sense of social control, assumption, and regulation. See Charles Bowden and Michael P. Berman, Inferno (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006). 33. William L. Fox, The Void, the Grid, and the Sign (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2000), 61–62. 34. Fox, The Void, 91, 129. 35. Fox, The Void, 95, 109, 115. 36. J. B. Harley, “Deconstructing the Map,” in Trevor J. Barnes and James Duncan, Writing Worlds (London: Routledge, 1992), 243, 245; Rick Van Noy, Surveying the Interior: Literary Cartography and the Sense of Place (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2003), 12. 37. William Least Heat-Moon, PrairyErth (London: Andre Deutsch, 1991), 11, 10, 15, 16. 38. Rosalind Krauss, “Grids,” in The Originality of the Avant-Garde and Other Modernist Myths (1986; Cambridge: mit Press, 1991), 19. 39. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari...