The Imagined Underworld: Sex, Crime, and Vice in Porfirian Mexico City

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. “La Averiguación de un crimen,” El Imparcial, January 17, 1907; El Naciónal, December 20, 1890; El Siglo Diez y Nueve, December 17, 1890; El Tiempo, December 17, 1890. 2. Los científicos were complex and heterogeneous. See Beezley, “Kaleidoscopic Views,” 167–79; see also Burns, “Cultures in Conflict,” 11–77; Buffington and French, “Culture of Modernity,” 397–432; Speckman Guerra, Crimen y castigo, 71–114. 3. See Anna, Forging Mexico. 4. The “Porfirian Persuasion” could be either official or not and was heavily influenced by modernity. See Beezley, Judas at the Jockey Club; for the Porfirian ideal family, see French, Peaceful and Working People. 5. Anderson, Imagined Communities, 43. 6. In general Latin American elites believed that indigenous peoples were incapable of participating in the liberal national discourse. See Larson, Trials of Nation Making, 246–53. 7. Buffington and French, “Culture of Modernity,” 402. 8. See Lear, “Mexico City,” 444–92. 9. For the idea of the underclass’s danger to the Mexican nation-state, see Tella, “Dangerous Classes,” 79–105. 10. Rama, Lettered City, 51–53. 11. For studies of Mexican criminality in the colonial era, see Haslip, Crime and Punishment; Armendares Lozano, Criminalidad; MacLachlan, Criminal Justice. 12. Cohn, Colonialism, xiii. 13. Castillo, “Entre la moralización y el sensacionalismo,” 32–36. 14. Buffington, Criminal and Citizen; Piccato, City of Suspects. 15. The Porfirian master narrative relied on a shared cultural identity that can be detected in official reports, newspaper editorials, and the discourses employed by government officials as well as by gente decente. For the ideological basis behind a similar historical example, see Zerubavel, Recovered Roots, 6–9; for the best examples of how modern projects were incorporated into Porfirian nation building, see Beezley, Judas at the Jockey Club; for one of the architects of modernity , see Kuecker, “Alejandro Prieto,” 91–102. 16. Nineteenth-century Latin American elites used a powerful discourse to condemn racially mixed populations, as well as indigenous peoples, as inherently degenerate. See, for instance, Stabb, Quest of Identity, 12–22; for a general analysis of degeneration, see Pick, Faces of Degeneration. 17. For a broader range of studies on criminality, see Nacif Mina, Policía en la historia; Tavira, Crimen politico en México; Taylor, Drinking, Homicide and Rebellion; Yáñez Romero, Policía mexicana. For other related studies on Latin America, see Aguirre, Criminals of Lima; Aguirre and Buffington, Reconstructing Criminality; Caimari, Apenas un delincuente; Holloway, Policing Rio de Janeiro; Johnson, Problem of Order; Salvatore and Aguirre, Birth of the Penitentiary. For Europe the historiography is voluminous; see, for example, Emsley, Crime and Society in England; Evans, Tales from the German Underworld; Philips, “Three Moral Entrepreneurs,” 81–107; Thomas, Victorian Underworld. 18. French, “Imagining and Cultural History,” 249–67. 1. Charting the Imagined City 1. “La cuna del crimen,” El Imparcial, July 8, 1908. 2. Piccato, City of Suspects, 46. 3. For a late eighteenth-century comparison, see Voekel, “Peeing on the Palace,” 183–208. 4. Galindo y Villa, Reseña histórico-descriptiva; González Navarro, Estadisticas sociales, 9; Piccato, City of Suspects, 21–23; Ramos Escandón, Historia y literatura, 12–13. 5. See Edney, Mapping an Empire. 6. Carrera Stampa, Planos de la ciudad; Galindo y Villa, Reseña histórico-descriptiva, 55–56; Rohlfes, “Police and Penal Correction,” 82–84; Janvier, Mexican Guide. 7. Aréchiga Córdoba, Tepito, 148–49. 8. Galindo y Villa, Reseña histórico-descriptiva, 55–56; for a thorough study of the parcialidades, see Lira-González, Comunidades indígenas. 9. Galindo y Villa, Reseña histórico-descriptiva, 55–56; Michael Johns, City of Mexico, 27–41. 10. Cossío, “Algunas noticias,” 23; Michael Johns, City of Mexico, 39–40; El Imparcial, July 3, 1908; Terry, Terry’s Mexico, 257. 11. El Imparcial, July 3, 1908; González Navarro, Sociedad y cultura, 136–37. 12. See McClintock, Imperial Leather, 120–22. 13. Aréchiga Córdoba, Tepito, 211–36. 14. El Chisme, November 22, 1899; Rohlfes, “Police and Penal Correction,” 86–87; Lear, “Mexico City,” 481–83. 184 Notes to pages 7–18 15. El Imparcial, July 6, 1908. 16. “Al recurso de casación interpuesto por el Defensor de Francisco Guerrero ‘El Chalequero,’ en el proceso que se construyó a este por homicidio,” Tribunal Superior de Justicia del Distrito, Primera Sala...