- Index
- Chapter
- Johns Hopkins University Press
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Index
A page number followed by the letter t indicates a table.
ABN Amro, 225n5
Act on National Bank of Poland, 39
adaptation dynamic, 48–49
Agio Bank, 102–103
Albania: central bank independence in, 36t
foreign vs. government ownership in, 76t
Alliance of Free Democrats (SzDSz), 81
Allied Irish Bank, 78
appropriateness, logic of, 12
Asia, economic rise of, 73
Australia: central bank independence in, 36t
foreign investment in, 72t
Iraq War deployments, 152t
Austria, central bank independence in, 36t
autonomy: illusion of, 16
vs. interdependence, 2
of Polish military, 112
of Romanian military, 116
transition and, 7
AWS. See Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS)
Azerbaijan, foreign vs. government ownership in, 76t
Banca Intesa, 103
Banco Portugues de Investimento, 87
BancPost, 87
Bank Handlowy, 91
Banking Act (Poland), 39
bank privatization: competition and, 84–89
credibility and, 89–93
in Hungary, 80–81, 85–86, 91–92, 96–99, 100t
in Poland, 78–80, 84–85, 90–91, 93–96, 100t
in Romania, 81–83, 86–88, 92, 99–102, 100t
transnational coalitions and, 93–103, 100t
in Ukraine, 83–84, 88–89, 92–93
uncertainty and, 78–80, 80–81, 81–83, 83–84
Bank Przemysłowo-Handlowy of Krakow (BPH), 94
Bayerische Landesbank Girozentrale, 80–81, 97
BCR. See Commercial Bank of Romania (BCR)
Belarus: central bank independence in, 36t
foreign vs. government ownership in, 76t
Belgium: central bank independence in, 36t
foreign investment in, 72t
Belka, Marek, 59
Bielecki, Jan Krzysztof, 128
Bosnia-Herzegovina: foreign vs. government ownership in, 76t
troop deployments in, 182t
BPH. See Bank Przemysłowo-Handlowy of Krakow (BPH)
Brazil, foreign investment in, 100t
BRD. See Romanian Bank for Development (BRD)
Bulgaria: central bank independence in, 36t
foreign vs. government ownership in, 76t
Iraq War deployments, 152t
NATO support in, 119t
public confidence in military, 120t
Bundesbank, 30
Burundi, troop deployments in, 182t
calculation, meaning and, 12–13
Camdessus, Michel, 51
Canada: central bank independence in, 36t
foreign investment in, 72t
Casa de Economii si Consemnatiuni, 88, 99–100
case selection, 17–21
causality: competition and, 207
in constructivism, 12
CBI. See central bank independence (CBI)
CDR. See Democratic Convention of Romania (CDR)
Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 44, 116, 125, 160–161
CEE. See central and eastern Europe (CEE)
central and eastern Europe (CEE): central bank independence scores, 36t
exceptionalism in, 1
NATO ideas in, 150–151. See also specific states
central bank independence (CBI): competition and, 34–35, 38, 48–53, 52–53
conditionality and, 33–35, 67–68
continuity and, 33
European Central Bank and, 33
European Monetary Union and, 33
in Hungary, 33, 34, 36t, 37–38, 42–43, 49–50
inflation and, 32
institutional influence and, 34
institutionalization of, 32
measures of, 37t
monetary policy and, 32–33
in Poland, 20, 33, 34, 36–37, 36t, 37t, 38–42, 54–60
in postcommunist vs. OECD states, 36t
in Romania, 36t, 37t, 38, 43–45, 50–52, 62–63
as settled outcome, 16
social context and, 33–35, 66–67
status and, 34–35
theories of, 30–33
in Ukraine, 36t, 37t, 45–48, 52–53, 63–66
in United Kingdom, 53
USAID and, 39
Charter on a Distinctive Partnership, 143
Chechnya, 150
Cheney, Richard, 128
Chernobyl, 170
Chile, foreign investment in, 100t
China, foreign investment in, 72t
civil-military relations: competition and, 117–118
NATO and, 10, 107–108, 109–111
in Poland, 111–114, 119–124, 128–130
in postcommunist context, 108–109
as settled outcome, 16
in Ukraine, 116–117, 126–127, 130–132
uncertainty and, 109–111, 111–117. See also defense planning; security
Clarke, Robert L., 57
Cold War: liberalism after, 192
Poland and, 112
Commercial Bank of Romania (BCR), 88, 100–101, 102
comparativism: competition in, 22
liberal reform in, 22–23
competition: bank privatization and, 84–89
causality and, 207
central bank independence and, 34–35, 38, 48–53, 52–53
civil-military relations and, 117–118
under communism, 206–207
in comparativism, 22
Hungarian bank privatization and, 85–86
in Hungary, 49–50
institutional influence and, 15
international institutions and, 208
overview of, 206–209
in Poland, 48–49
Polish bank privatization and, 84–85
Polish foreign policy and, 164–165
reform and, 22
in Romania, 38
Romanian bank privatization and, 86–88
transparency and, 34
in Ukraine, 52–53
Ukrainian bank privatization and, 88–89
conditionality: central bank independence and, 33–35, 67–68
credibility and, 202–203
definition of, 201
European Union, 25
institutional influence and, 9
interests and, 25–26
International Monetary Fund and, 38
neoliberal, 23–26
over-compliance and, 121–122
power of, 27
in reform, 1–2
social context in, 33–35, 73–75
in Ukraine, 65
vs. socialization, 201–204
conformity, vs. autonomy, 3
Congo, troop deployments in, 182t
Congressional Research Service (CRS), 122–123, 133
consensus: central bank independence and, 35
definition of, 199
international institutions and, 9–10
policy and, 16
consequences, logic of, 11–12, 27
consequentialist/obligatory dichotomy, 12–13
consistency, definition of, 199
Constantinescu, Emil, 168
constructivism: causality in, 12
finance in, 18
instrumental action in, 10, 11–12
logic of appropriateness in, 12
motivation in, 11–12
vs. rationalism, 10–14
rationalism synthesis, 209–211
security in, 18
socialization and, 204–205
context: central bank independence and, 33–35, 66–67
civil-military relations in, 108–109
in conditionality, 33–35, 73–75
conditionality and, 193, 201–202
incentives in, 11
NATO and, 132–146
rationality and, 10–11, 209–210
continuity, central bank independence and, 33
contractual economics, 23
control, in Russian and Ukrainian languages, 230n17
convergence, in postcommunism, 192
Copenhagen criteria, 57
corruption, in Romania, 51
costs, language of, 25
Côte d’Ivoire, troop deployments in, 182t
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, 39
countries, in case selection, 19–21
credibility, 54–60
bank privatization and, 89–93
central bank independence and, 35, 53–66
civil-military relations and, 110, 128–132
conditionality and, 202–203
defense planning and, 171–177
Hungarian bank privatization and, 91–92
Hungarian central bank independence and, 60–62
Hungarian civil-military relations and, 128–130
Hungarian defense planning and, 174–175
of NATO, 128–132, 153–154, 171–177
overview of, 14, 15–16, 199–200
policy and, 53–54
Polish bank privatization and, 90–91
Polish central bank independence and, 54–60
Polish civil-military relations and, 128–130
Polish defense planning and, 172–174
Romanian bank privatization and, 92
Romanian central bank independence and, 62–63
Romanian civil-military relations and, 130–132
Romanian defense planning and, 175
sectors and, 18–19
Ukrainian bank privatization and, 92–93
Ukrainian central bank independence and, 63–66
Ukrainian civil-military relations and, 130–132
Ukrainian defense planning and, 175–177
Croatia, 71
central bank independence in, 36t
foreign vs. government ownership in, 76t
CRS. See Congressional Research Service (CRS)
currency, in Ukraine, 47
Cyprus: foreign investment in, 72t
troop deployments in, 182t
Czechoslovakia, 34
Czech Republic: central bank independence in, 36t
foreign investment in, 100t
foreign vs. government ownership in, 76t
NATO support in, 119t
public confidence in military, 120t
Daiwa, 94
defense planning: credibility and, 171–177
in Hungary, 157–160, 174–175, 180–183
in Poland, 155–157, 164–165, 172–174, 177–180
in Romania, 160–161, 167–169, 175, 184–186
significance of, 149–150
status and, 164–171
transnational coalitions and, 177–189
in Ukraine, 161–164, 169–171, 186–189
uncertainty and, 155–164
Defense Planning Questionnaire, 134
defense spending, in selected countries, 165t
Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR), 126
Democratic Charter (Hungary), 50
Democratic Convention of Romania (CDR), 38, 45, 62–63, 86–87, 100–101t, 118, 141–142, 161, 184–186
Democratic Left Alliance (Poland) (SLD), 54, 55–57, 75–76, 85, 95, 123, 223n41, 223n47
Democratic National Salvation Front (FDSN), 115, 141
Democratic Republic of Congo, troop deployments in, 182t
denationalization: of defense, 19, 164–171
definition of, 71
Denmark: central bank independence in, 36t
foreign investment in, 72t
deposit insurance, 41
divergence, in postcommunism, 192
Dobrzañski, Stanisław, 134, 135
domestic actors, uncertainty among, 9
domestic politics: as alternative approach, 22–23
preexisting preferences and, 205–206
Drawsko affair, 113–114
dynamic inconsistency, 31
EBRD. See European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
ECB. See European Central Bank (ECB)
economics: contractual, 23
new classical, 31–32f. See also central bank independence (CBI); foreign investment
EFG Eurobank, 87
Egypt, troop deployments in, 182t
elections: first post-transition outcomes, 22
in Hungary, 49
in Poland, 39
in Ukraine, 46
EMU. See European Monetary Union (EMU)
enlargement, of NATO, 131, 133–134
Eritrea, troop deployments in, 182t
Estonia, 71
central bank independence in, 36t
foreign investment in, 100t
foreign vs. government ownership in, 76t
NATO support in, 119t
Ethiopia, troop deployments in, 182t
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), 75, 91, 94, 97
European Central Bank (ECB), 62
central bank independence and, 33
European Monetary Institute, 37
European Monetary Union (EMU), central bank independence, 33, 37
European Union: conditionality and, 25
effect of, 192–193
Ukraine and, 21
exceptionalism, 1
Eximbank, 102
falsifiability, 17
Fazio, Antonio, 72
FDSN. See Democratic National Salvation Front (FDSN)
Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Party, 49–50, 60–61, 97, 139
finance: in constructivism, 18
empirical importance of, 18
uncertainty in, 14. See also central bank independence (CBI); foreign investment
Finland, foreign investment in, 72t
foreign investment: benefits to Western institutions, 70
in comparative perspective, 71–73, 72t
vs. government ownership, in postcommunist states, 76t
openness to, 70–71
in Poland, 75–76
in selected countries, 72t, 100t
foreign policy: competition and, 164–165
credibility and, 171–177
in Hungary, 157–160, 174–175, 180–183
NATO and, 152–177
in Poland, 155–157, 164–165, 177–180
significance of, 149–150
status and, 164–171
transnational coalitions and, 177–189
in Ukraine, 161–164, 169–171, 175–177
uncertainty and, 155–164
France: central bank independence in, 36t
defense spending in, 165t
foreign investment in, 72t
Freedom Union (UW), 57, 223n36, 223n41
FSN. See National Salvation Front (FSN)
Für, Lajos, 138
Gazeta Wyborcza (newspaper), 122–123
General Electric Capital Corporation, 87, 94, 97
Georgia: central bank independence in, 36t
troop deployments in, 182t
Germany: central bank independence in, 36t
defense spending in, 165t
foreign investment in, 72t
Göncz, Árpád, 233n65
Gongadze, Heorhiy, 132
Greater Romania Party (PRM), 168–169
Greece, foreign investment in, 72t
Gronkiewicz-Waltz, Hanna, 41, 55, 56, 57, 58, 224n52
Grudziñski, Przemysław, 231n22
Horn, Gyula, 166
Hungarian Credit Bank (MHB), 76t
Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF), 43, 49–50, 80–81, 97
Hungarian Foreign Trade Bank (MKB), 80–81, 97
Hungarian Socialist Party (MSzMP), 49–50, 85–86, 130, 166, 233n65
Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party (MSzP), 138
Hungary: bank privatization in, 80–81, 85–86, 91–92, 96–99
central bank independence in, 33, 34, 36t, 37–38, 37t, 42–43, 49–50, 60–62
choice of, as case, 20
civil-military relations in, 115, 124–125
defense planning in, 157–160, 166–167, 174–175, 180–183
defense spending in, 165t
elections in, 49
foreign investment in, 100t
foreign policy in, 157–160, 174–175, 180–183
foreign vs. government ownership in, 76–77, 76t
International Monetary Fund and, 42–43, 50, 98
Iraq War deployments, 152t
in NATO, 20
NATO and, 124–125, 137–140, 158–159, 166–167, 174–175, 180–183
public confidence in military, 120t
public sector financing in, 60–61
regime discontinuity in, 15
status in, 124–125
support for NATO, 119t
troop deployments by, 182t
troop levels, 185t
uncertainty in, 42–43, 115–116, 157–160
in World War II, 125
hyperinflation, 38
identity, instrumental action and, 200–201
IFC. See International Finance Corporation (IFC)
IFOR. See Implementation Force (IFOR)
IMF. See International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Implementation Force (IFOR), 140, 238n65
incentives: autonomy and, 3, 16
criteria for, 1–2
IMF, 16
to liberal reform, 1
perceptions of, 16
rationalism and, 11
in social context, 11
subjectivity of, 3
uneven application of, 19
inflation: central bank independence and, 31–32
in Poland, 55
in Romania, 45
in Ukraine, 38
influence, of NATO, 110–111
institutional influence: accounting for variation, 14–17
central bank independence and, 34
competition and, 208
conditionality and, 9
consensus and, 9–10
constructivist vs. rationalist perspectives, 10–14
credibility hypothesis, 14, 15–16
favorable conditions for, 16
importance of, 211–214
legitimacy and, 15
maximizing, 14
in neoliberalism, 11
political competition and, 15
transition and, 8–9
uncertainty hypothesis, 14–15
variety of sectors and, 19
institutionalism, neoliberal, 23–26
instrumental action: in constructivism, 11–12
in constructivist and rationalist perspectives, 10
identity and, 200–201
interdependence, vs. autonomy, 2
interest rates, in Poland, 55
International Finance Corporation (IFC): Poland and, 78
Romania and, 100–101
International Monetary Fund (IMF): central bank independence and, 31
conditionality, 38
incentives, 16
Poland and, 39, 40, 57–58, 78–79, 94–95
investment, foreign: benefits to Western institutions, 70
in comparative perspective, 71–73, 72t
vs. government ownership, in postcommunist states, 76t
openness to, 70–71
in Poland, 75–76
rise in, 69–70
in selected countries, 72t, 100t
Iraq War: deployments by country, 152t
support for, 131
troop deployments in, 182t
Ireland, central bank independence in, 36t
Isarescu, Mugur, 51
Israel, foreign investment in, 72t
Italy: central bank independence in, 36t
defense spending in, 165t
foreign investment in, 72t
Iraq War deployments, 152t
Japan: central bank independence in, 36t
foreign investment in, 72t
Iraq War deployments, 152t
Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 229n1
Justice and Truth Alliance, 51
Kalicki, Krzysztof, 94
Karkoszka, Andrzej, 123, 135–136, 179
Karuzelski, Wojciech, 151
Kawalec, Stefan, 221n14
Kazakhstan, foreign vs. government ownership in, 76t
Keleti, György, 138–139
Kolchuga scandal, 132
Kołodko, Grzegorz, 55–56, 90–91, 94, 95
Kołodziejczyk, Piotr, 113–114, 230n12
Komornicki affair, 230n13
kontrol vs. control, 230n17
Kosovo, 181
Kovács, László, 174
Kuchma, Leonid, 52, 64, 88, 132, 170
Kultura (journal), 121
Kwaśniewski, Aleksander, 134, 135, 136
Kyrgyzstan, foreign vs. government ownership in, 76t
Latvia: central bank independence in, 36t
foreign vs. government ownership in, 76t
NATO support in, 119t
Law and Justice Party (PiS), 60, 61, 96
Law on Banks and Banking Activities (Ukraine), 103
Law on Financial Institutions (Hungary), 80
Law on the Office of the Ministry of Defense (Poland), 134
Lebanon, troop deployments in, 182t
legitimacy, institutional influence and, 15
letter of, 300, 237n47
Liberal Democratic Party, 155
liberalism, after Cold War, 192
liberal reform: as assumed best practice, 22–23
in comparativism, 22–23
conditionality and, 1–2
incentives to, 1
political competition and, 22
Lithuania, 19–20
central bank independence in, 36t
foreign investment in, 100t
foreign vs. government ownership in, 76t
NATO support in, 119t
loans: to Poland, 59
in Romania, 86–87
logic of appropriateness, 12
logic of consequences, 11–12, 27
Luxembourg: central bank independence in, 36t
foreign investment in, 72t
Maastricht criteria, 33, 37, 57
Macedonia, central bank independence in, 36t
Madrid Summit, 143
MDF. See Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF)
meaning, calculation and, 12–13
Meèiar, Vladimir, 25–26
Mexico, foreign investment in, 100t
MHB. See Hungarian Credit Bank (MHB)
Milewski, Jerzy, 135
military. See civil-military relations; defense planning; security
military expenditures, in selected countries, 165t
MKB. See Hungarian Foreign Trade Bank (MKB)
MNB. See National Bank of Hungary (MNB)
Moldova: central bank independence in, 36t
foreign vs. government ownership in, 76t
monetary policy: central bank independence, 32–33
in Poland, 55
motivation, in constructivism, 11–12
MSzMP. See Hungarian Socialist Party (MSzMP)
multidimensionality, in Ukraine, 145
Najder, Zdzisław, 121
Nastase, Adrian, 87
National Bank of Hungary (MNB), 42, 60–61
National Bank of Poland (NBP), 36–37, 39–40, 55, 57, 60, 61
National Bank of Romania (NBR), 44–45, 62–63, 81–83
National Bank of Ukraine (NBU), 47, 65, 102–103
National Salvation Front (FSN), 125–126, 141, 161
National Savings and Commercial Bank Limited (OTP), 97
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
NBP. See National Bank of Poland (NBP)
NBR. See National Bank of Romania (NBR)
NBU. See National Bank of Ukraine (NBU)
Németh, Miklós, 137
neoliberalism: conditionality in, 23–26
institutional influence and, 11
institutionality and, 23–26
Netherlands: central bank independence in, 36t
defense spending in, 165t
foreign investment in, 72t
Iraq War deployments, 152t
new classical economics, 31–32
New Economic Mechanism, 42
New Zealand: central bank independence in, 36t
foreign investment in, 72t
NGOs. See nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
Nie (journal), 178
9/11 attacks, 142
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), civil-military relations and, 109
normative consistency, 35, 128–132
normative pressure, 28
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): adaptability of, 24
civil-military relations and, 10, 107–108, 109–111
compliance with, 132–146
credibility of, 128–132, 153–154, 171–177
defense planning and, 149–151, 152–177
effect of, 192–193
foreign policy and, 152–177
Hungary and, 124–125, 137–140, 158–159, 166–167, 174–175, 180–183
Hungary in, 20
ideas of purpose, 150–151
Implementation Force (IFOR), 140, 238n65
influence of, 110–111
Poland and, 111–114, 119–124, 128–129, 132–137, 155–157, 177–180
public opinion on membership, 122, 123
as regulatory, 24
Romania and, 115–116, 140–143, 160–161, 167–169
Stabilization Force (SFOR), 140, 238n65
status of, 117–127, 152, 164–171
Ukraine and, 21, 53, 116–117, 126–127, 143–146, 162, 169–171, 175–177, 186–189
Ukrainian public opinion, 127t
uncertainty and, 152–153
Norway: central bank independence in, 36t
foreign investment in, 72t
obligatory/consequentialist dichotomy, 12–13
Obrona Terytorialna (OT), 172, 177–180
OECD. See Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Olszewski, Jan, 114
ontological inconsistency, 24–25
Onyszkiewicz, Janusz, 178, 180, 231n22
Onyszkiewicz/Grudziñski reforms, 121
Operation Iraqi Freedom: deployments by country, 152t
support for, 131
Orange Revolution, 103
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): central bank independence in member states, 36t
state banking and, 72–73
Ostpolitik, 120
OT. See Obrona Terytorialna (OT)
OTP. See National Savings and Commercial Bank Limited (OTP)
overcompliance, 121–122
Pareto optimality, 220n10
Partnership for Peace (PfP), 109, 133, 140, 143
Party of Social Democracy of Romania (PDSR), 50–51, 52, 86–87, 115, 141–142, 168
Parys affair, 113
PDSR. See Party of Social Democracy of Romania (PDSR)
Pekao SA Bank, 91
perception: of incentives, 16
solidarity and, 24–25
PfP. See Partnership for Peace (PfP)
Philippines, Iraq War deployments, 152t
Piłsudski, Josef, 112
PiS. See Law and Justice Party (PiS)
pluralism, 192
Poland: bank privatization in, 78–80, 84–85, 90–91, 93–96
central bank independence in, 20, 33, 34, 36–37, 36t, 37t, 38–42, 48–49, 54–60
choice of, as case, 19–20
civil-military relations in, 111–114, 119–124, 128–130
Cold War and, 112
competition and, 48–49
defense planning in, 155–157, 164–165, 172–174, 177–180
defense spending in, 165t
elections in, 39
foreign investment in, 100t
foreign policy in, 155–157, 164–165, 177–180
foreign vs. domestic ownership in, 75–76, 76t
inflation in, 55
International Monetary Fund and, 39, 40, 57–58, 78–79, 94–95
loans to, 59
NATO and, 111–114, 119–124, 128–129, 132–137, 155–157, 177–180
parliament in, 56
public confidence in military, 120t
regime discontinuity in, 15
Russia and, 156
Solidarity in, 19, 39, 48, 54–55, 122–123, 133
support for NATO, 119t
transition success in, 19–20
transnational coalitions in, 93–96
troop deployments by, 182t
troop levels, 185t
uncertainty in, 38–42, 78–80, 111–114
Poland-NATO Report, 156
policy: central bank independence and, 33–34
consensus and, 16
credibility of, 53–54
as functional, 193. See also foreign policy
Polish League for National Independence, 121
Polish Peasant Party (PSL), 54, 56–57, 75–76, 85, 123
Polish United Workers’ Party (PUWP), 54
political competition: bank privatization and, 84–89
causality and, 207
central bank independence and, 34–35, 38, 48–53, 52–53
civil-military relations and, 117–118
under communism, 206–207
in comparativism, 22
Hungarian bank privatization and, 85–86
in Hungary, 49–50
institutional influence and, 15, 208
overview of, 206–209
in Poland, 48–49
Polish bank privatization and, 84–85
Polish foreign policy and, 164–165
reform and, 22
in Romania, 38
Romanian bank privatization and, 86–88
transparency and, 34
in Ukraine, 52–53
Ukrainian bank privatization and, 88–89
politics, domestic: as alternative approach, 22–23
preexisting preferences and, 205–206
Portugal, foreign investment in, 72t
Postabank, 97
Powszechna Kasa Oszczêdności Bank Polski, 75, 96
Pozsgay, Imre, 233n65
preferences, preexisting, 205–206
price liberalization, 32–33, 34, 38–39, 46
price stability, 31, 32, 36–37
PRM. See Greater Romania Party (PRM)
Prominvest Bank, 84
PSD. See Social Democratic Party (PSD)
PSL. See Polish Peasant Party (PSL)
PSM. See Socialist Party of Labor (PSM)
public opinion: of armed forces, 120t, 127t
public sector financing, 60–61
PUNR. See Romanian National Unity Party (PUNR)
PUWP. See Polish United Workers’ Party (PUWP)
rationalism: constructivism synthesis, 209–211
incentives and, 11
instrumental action in, 10
vs. constructivism, 10–14
Razmukov Centre, 232n50
reform, liberal: as assumed best practice, 22–23
in comparativism, 22–23
conditionality and, 1–2
incentives to, 1
political competition and, 22
regime discontinuity: in Hungary, 15
in Poland, 15
Romania: bank privatization in, 81–83, 86–88, 99–102, 100t
central bank independence in, 36t, 37t, 38, 43–45, 50–52, 62–63
choice of, as case, 20
civil-military relations in, 115–116, 125–126, 130–132
competition in, 86–88
corruption in, 51
credit in, 86–87
defense planning in, 160–161, 167–169, 175, 184–186
defense spending in, 165t
European Union and, 62–63, 101
foreign investment in, 100t
foreign policy in, 167–169, 175
foreign vs. government ownership in, 76t, 77
inflation in, 45
International Finance Corporation and, 100–101
International Monetary Fund and, 38, 44, 51–52
Iraq War deployments, 152t
NATO and, 115–116, 140–143, 160–161, 167–169
political competition in, 38
public confidence in military, 120t
Soviet Union and, 160–161
status in, 50–52
support for NATO, 119t
troop deployments by, 182t
troop levels, 185t
two-tiered banking in, 82–83
uncertainty in, 43–45, 160–161
World Bank and, 82
in World War II, 236n32
Romanian Bank for Development (BRD), 82–83, 87
Romanian Banking Institute, 226n21
Romanian Communist Party, 44
Romanian National Unity Party (PUNR), 168–169
Rühe, Volker, 128
Russia: central bank independence in, 36t
foreign vs. government ownership in, 76t
Poland and, 156
Ukraine and, 176
Sachs, Jeffrey, 78
SEB Group, 102–103
sectoral discontinuity, 38–39, 159–160
sectors: in case selection, 17–19
credibility and, 18–19
institutional variety and, 19
uncertainty and, 18
Securitate, 143
security: in constructivism, 18
denationalization of, 19
empirical importance of, 18
Ukrainian force, 145. See also civil-military relations; defense planning
Sejm (Polish parliament), 56
Serbia-Montenegro, foreign vs. government ownership in, 76t
SFOR. See Stabilization Force (SFOR)
Sikorski, Radek, 172
SLD. See Democratic Left Alliance (Poland) (SLD)
Śleszyñska-Charewicz, Ewa, 41, 57
Slovakia, 25
central bank independence in, 36t
foreign vs. government ownership in, 76t
NATO support in, 119t
public confidence in military, 120t
Slovenia, 33
central bank independence in, 36t
foreign vs. government ownership in, 76t
NATO support in, 119t
social context: central bank independence and, 33–35, 66–67
civil-military relations in, 108–109
in conditionality, 33–35, 73–75
conditionality and, 193, 201–202
incentives in, 11
NATO and, 132–146
rationality and, 10–11, 209–210
Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland, 54
Social Democratic Party (PSD), 62–63, 142, 143
Social Democratic Union (USD), 126
Socialist Party of Labor (PSM), 168–169
social motivation: in constructionalist and rationalist perspectives, 10
soft budget constraint, 221n13
Solidarity, 19, 24–25, 39, 48, 54–55, 122–123, 133
Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS), 157, 172, 178, 179
South Korea: foreign investment in, 72t, 100t
Iraq War deployments, 152t
Spain: central bank independence in, 36t
defense spending in, 165t
foreign investment in, 72t
Iraq War deployments, 152t
Stabilization Force (SFOR), 140, 238n65
status hypothesis: bank privatization and, 84–89
central bank independence and, 34–35
civil-military relations and, 110, 117–127
defense planning and, 164–171
foreign policy and, 164–171
Hungarian bank privatization and, 85–86
Hungarian central bank independence and, 49–50
Hungarian civil-military relations and, 124–125
Hungarian defense planning and, 166–167
of NATO, 117–127, 152, 164–171
Polish bank privatization and, 84–85
Polish central bank independence and, 48–49
Polish civil-military relations and, 119–124
Polish defense planning and, 164–165
Romanian bank privatization and, 86–88
Romanian central bank independence and, 50–52
Romanian civil-military relations and, 125–126
Romanian defense planning and, 167–169
Ukrainian bank privatization and, 88–89
Ukrainian central bank independence and, 52–53
Ukrainian civil-military relations and, 126–127
Ukrainian defense planning and, 169–171
subjectivity, of incentives, 3
Surányi, György, 50
Sweden, central bank independence in, 36t
Switzerland: central bank independence in, 36t
foreign investment in, 72t
Symonenko, Petro, 89
Systematic Transformation Facility, 84
SzDSz. See Alliance of Free Democrats (SzDSz)
Szeremietiew, Romuald, 172, 178
Szmajdziñski, Jerzy, 135
time inconsistency, 31
transaction costs approach, 24
transition: authority and, 7
central bank independence and, 34
first elections after, 22
international influence and, 8–9
success of Polish, 19–20
transnational coalitions: banking privatization and, 93–103, 100t
defense planning and, 177–189
foreign policy and, 177–189
NATO and, 132–146
in Poland, 93–96
transparency, competition and, 34
troop levels, 185t
Turkey, 110
foreign investment in, 72t
“Twinning Arrangements,” 78–79
two-tiered banking, in Romania, 82–83
UDMR. See Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR)
Ukraine: bank privatization in, 83–84, 88–89, 92–93, 102–106
central bank independence in, 36t, 37t, 45–48, 52–53, 63–66
choice of, as case, 21
civil-military relations in, 116–117, 126–127, 130–132
conditionality in, 65
credibility in, 63–66
currency in, 47
defense planning in, 161–164, 169–171, 175–177, 186–189
defense spending in, 165t
elections in, 46
foreign policy, 161–164, 169–171, 175–177
foreign vs. government ownership in, 76t, 77–78
independence of, 235n22
inflation in, 38
International Monetary Fund and, 46–47, 53, 64–66
Iraq War deployments, 152t
multidimensionality in, 145
NATO and, 21, 53, 116–117, 126–127, 143–146, 162, 169–171, 175–177, 186–189
Orange Revolution and, 103
parliament of, 143–144
price liberalization in, 46
public confidence in military, 120t
public opinion on NATO, 127t
Russia and, 176
Soviet Union and, 170
troop deployments by, 182t
troop levels, 185t
uncertainty in, 45–48, 116–117
World Bank and, 46–47
Ukrainian Popular Rukh, 46, 52
UkrSibBank, 103
uncertainty hypothesis: central bank independence and, 33–34, 38–48
civil-military relations and, 109–111, 111–117
defense planning and, 155–164
definition of, 14
among domestic actors, 9
in finance, 14
Hungarian bank privatization and, 80–81
Hungarian central bank independence and, 42–43
Hungarian civil-military relations and, 115–116
Hungarian defense planning and, 157–160
hypothesis of institutional influence, 14–15
NATO and, 152–153
overview of, 195–196
Polish bank privatization and, 78–80
Polish central bank independence and, 38–42
Polish civil-military relations and, 111–114
Polish defense planning and, 155–157
Romanian bank privatization and, 81–83
Romanian central bank independence and, 43–45
Romanian defense planning and, 160–161
sectors and, 18
Ukrainian bank privatization and, 83–84
Ukrainian central bank independence and, 45–48
Ukrainian civil-military relations and, 116–117
Ukrainian defense planning and, 161–164
United Kingdom, 53
central bank independence in, 36t
defense spending in, 165t
foreign investment in, 72t
Iraq War deployments, 152t
United Nations (UN), troop deployments, 182t
United States: central bank independence in, 36t
deployments in Iraq, 152t
foreign investment in, 72t
United States Agency for International Development (USAID): central bank independence and, 31, 39
USD. See Social Democratic Union (USD)
UW. See Freedom Union (UW)
variation, in institutional influence, 14–17
Venezuela, foreign investment in, 100t
Verkhovna Rada, 144–145
Vnesheconombank, 84
Waniek, Danuta, 135
“War of the Entire People” doctrine, 160–161
Warsaw Pact, 112, 159–160, 173
Wielkopolski Bank Kredytowy, 78
World Bank: central bank independence and, 31
Romania and, 82
Ukraine and, 46–47
Wörner, Manfred, 128
Yanukovich, Viktor, 170
Żabiñski reforms, 121
Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 155
Zulean, Marian, 184–185
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