Genomics and Environmental Regulation: Science, Ethics, and Law

Index

acetylation, 268–69 acquired genetic effects, 143–44, 157–60 acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), 84–85 Adler, M.D., 336n31 adverse effects, 16–19, 73–77 air pollution, 19, 120–23, 131–34, 230. See also NAAQS Air Quality Index program, 132–33 Alzheimer disease, 173–74 American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 154 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 176 American Management Association, 152 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): defining disability, 156, 191–93, 309; direct threat provisions, 180, 193–94; employment discrimination provisions , 191; fitness-for-work criteria and, 178; genetic screening protections, 151–52; genetic testing regulations, 194–97, 211–12; monitoring regulations, 194–97; reasonable accommodation under, 280 animal studies: assessing relevance of, 12–13; for chemical screening, 47–48; extrapolating results of, 294–95, 351; genomic applications for, 28; monitoring pollutant effects, 17–18; on particle matter susceptibility , 121–22; for standardsetting , 124; transitioning from, 52–53 ArrayTrack (FDA), 32 arthritis, autoimmune, 89 Asahi, S., 39 asthma, 122, 124, 133 AT (ataxia telangiectasia), 206–7, 210, 250–51, 268 atherosclerosis, 248 autism, 89, 301 automobile emissions exposure, 158 Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc., 213 Avary v. Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railroad, 178–79, 196, 311 Baier, A., 270 Barlow, K., 336n34 Baron, J., 319–20 Basic Rights (Shue), 260 Bazelon, E., 302 Bell, D.A., 156 Benzene decision, 157, 186–88, 190, 327 benzene exposure, 84–85 beryllium exposure, 90, 153, 174–75, 310 bioinformatics, 32, 68 biomarkers: categorizing, 248–49; defined, 224, 248; of exposure and effect, 223, 224–25, 249, 252–53; occupational genetic, 160–62; predictive value of, 38–41, 172–75, 249, 253–54; risk assessment and, 157; susceptibility, 250–52; toxic tort suits and, 82, 93–94; validation of, 93, 161, 226–27, 249; for workplace screening, 175, 178–81 biomonitoring data, 75–77 biotechnology, 77 Bloom syndrome, 205, 206 Bragdon v. Abbott, 193 breast cancer, 111, 117, 171, 173–74, 206–7, 250 Breyer, S., 330 INDEX Burke, W., 170 Bush, V., 235 Bush (G.W.) administration, 101 cancer: biomarkers in diagnostic and treatment decisions, 225; chemical exposure and increases in, 157–58; deaths from, 209; genetic susceptibility to, 171–72, 203–8, 268; primary determinants of, 208–9, 210; radiation induced, 84, 203, 209, 249–50; risk assessment, 294–96, 303–4; risk management, 209. See also specific types of cancer cardiovascular disease, 120–23, 250 carpal tunnel syndrome, 155, 178–79, 192, 196, 311 Cassidy v. SmithKline Beecham Corp, 89 causation, 83, 88, 91, 142 Cavallo v. Star Enterprises, 89 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 150 Chemical Effects in Biological Systems (NIH), 32, 344 chemical industry, 58, 73, 75–77, 190 chemical mixtures, 13, 30, 226 chemicals: adverse effects reporting, 73–77; noncarcinogenic, determining adverse effects, 16–17; OSHAregulated exposure limits, 176–77; regulatory review of new, 56; toxicity screening, 13–16, 27–28, 50, 59, 223–24; toxicogenomic prescreening, 49–52, 55–57, 59 chemical safety, assessing, 35–36, 47–48, 223–24 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Echazabal, 179–80, 193, 212, 310 chromosomal translocations using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), 84 chronic beryllium disease (CBD), 90, 153, 174–75 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 122 Civil Rights Act, 102, 105, 111, 184 class action suits, 92 Clean Air Act: amendments to, 304; lead air quality standard, 109, 124, 127, 129; protecting the most sensitive subgroups, 4, 119, 129–30, 272–73; setting environmental standards, 18–19. See also NAAQS Clinton administration, 100, 103, 156, 198, 311–12 Cohen, J.M., 310 Colditz, G.A., 171 Collins, F., 313 colon cancer, 204 Common Rule, 43 community good, benefiting the, 270–72, 290–91 compensation for injury, 280–85 Computational Toxicology Program, 27, 30, 58–59 consensus-building mechanisms, 77–78 Conservation Foundation, 120 Contaminant Candidate List (EPA), 28 Cook, R., 329 Cooke, R.M., 293 costs and opportunity costs, 232–33 Cranor, C., 130, 320, 328, 337n38 C-reactive protein, 248, 249–50 Cunningham, M.L., 36 data, extrapolating, 294–95, 351 data analysis tools, developing, 32 data management, 31–32, 54–55, 86. See also toxicogenomic data data modeling, 58–59 data quality and peer review in policy decision making, 69–73 Daubert v. Merrell-Dow Pharmaceutical, Inc., 287n4 decision making: individual choice in, 244–45, 247; interindividual variability in, 296–300; moral choice and the rights of the exceptionally vulnerable, 130–31, 258–66, 269–79; See also precautionary principle; regulatory decision making denial of...