Notes
www Notes Introduction 1. Lowenstam 1993: 11: ‘‘[E]ach Homeric poem is organized on the principle of repetition.’’ 2. See the passages quoted at Louden 1999a: xv–xvii. 3. Heiden (1996: 7–16) offers a convenient summary of Wade-Gery, Davison, Schadewalt, Taplin, and Stanley, before adding his own argument. Heiden (1996: 8, n. 10) also notes additional proponents of a three-part structure in the Iliad. 4. Again see Heiden 1996: 8 for a chart of the divisions argued for by WadeGery , Davison, Schadewalt, Taplin, and Stanley, and (21) for his own delineation of three parts. 5. On bifurcation as a Homeric technique, see Louden 1999a: 7, 138, n. 7; further discussion in chapter 1. 6. Motifs are numbered as listed near the beginning of chapter 1. 7. Due (5), for instance, asserts ‘‘Briseis, Helen, Andromache, and Hecuba . . . these four women are the only women who speak in the Iliad,’’ leaving out Theano (and Hektor’s housekeeper). 8. Cf. Kirk 1985: 253: ‘‘Thus the poetical tradition remained conscious that the whole Trojan force consisted of three elements: (i) the Troes proper, from the city of Ilios and perhaps a few other places in the vicinity; (ii) the Dardanoi or Dardanioi , from the foothills of Ida, (iii) the allies, ἐπίκουροι, from farther afield.’’ 9. Austin 1975: 273. Though his comment was on the Odyssey, the same is true of the Iliad. 10. Lowenstam 1993: 11: ‘‘[T]he method is to develop and elaborate upon ideas and motifs by putting them through a series of permutations in order to perceive at the end their true value and meaning. In music, the fugue develops themes in the same way, and one can draw parallels between the literary and musical methods.’’ 11. However, we can sometimes turn to myths that survive in texts later than Homer and establish contexts thereby. For examples, see especially, Slatkin. 12. I follow Janko’s (1982) relative chronology of Homer and Hesiod. 13. See, e.g., Louden 1996a and 1999b, which explore Indo-European relexes, themes, and myths in Homeric epic. 14. See especially Considine, Burkert, Mondi, West, and Morris among others, and Gordon before all of them. 15. Although some OT scholars occasionally refer to OT ‘‘epic,’’ e.g., Cross 123, 143, 182, 293; Niditch 90, 92, 105. 16. See Louden 1999a: 95–99 on the Odyssey’s basic affinity to Genesis 18–19. 17. Among many others, see Stager 152–69; Brug 9; and Hindson. OT scholars commonly associate the Philistines with Mycenaean and/or Homeric Greeks. A whole book needs to be written on the OT Philistines and the Iliad; here I make only intermittent passing connections. 18. Quoted by Morris 1995: 244. 19. Griffin 1980 also makes useful observations on parallels between the Iliad and OT myth. 20. My definition partly builds on the discussion of Kirk 1974: 27. 21. Cf.Yamagata, and Feeney 6: ‘‘As a first point, these gods are quite immoral’’; Feeney 3: ‘‘The problem of how to read the gods in epic is a problem of fiction before anything else.’’ 22. Cf. Od. 18.132. It is interesting that Van Erp Taalman Kip omits these two lines but gives the rest of Agamemnon’s remarks here (387–88). 23. Burkert 1983b: 53: ‘‘[I]n fact I do not know of another passage in Homer which comes so close to being a translation of an Oriental text’’; and 54: ‘‘It looks as if Homer were alluding to Enuma elis directly.’’ 24. Burkert 1992: 91: ‘‘There is hardly another passage in Homer which comes so close to being a translation of an Akkadian epic.’’ chapter 1. The Principal Narrative Pattern 1. In the final sequence a few of the motifs occur earlier, in books 18 and 19. 2. On the general tendency, see Louden 1999a: xvii. 3. I thank W. G. Thalmann for reminding me about this point. 4. On Diomedes, during books 5–6, as a stand-in or surrogate for Akhilleus, see Edwards 1987: 8, 198. 5. See Armstrong for general discussion of the Iliad’s arming scenes. 6. Edwards 1991: 200: ‘‘The making of the armour by Hephaistos can formally be considered a relocated expansion of Akhilleus’ arming scene, which will be resumed at 19.369.’’ 7. See the recurring formula in Judges used of most of the heroes, including Samson , e.g., 3.10, of Othniel: ‘‘The spirit of the Lord came upon him’’; cf. 15:14, etc., and descriptions of Shamash’s aid...
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