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Abaría, José Estéban de, 61, 111, 365n61 absolutism, 11, 81–82, 98 Academia de San Carlos (Mexico City), 240 Acapulco, 9, 67, 245, 250, 286, 317, 404n116 Adams, John, 342 agents. See prestanombres agriculture: and agrarian law, 347; in Andalusia, 208; and Catholic Church, 46; and colonial trade, 144, 150, 161, 172, 186–87, 208; commercialization of, 250, 259, 297, 403n94; development of, 25, 57, 70, 144, 169; duties on products of, 74–75; exports of products of, 42, 109, 186, 190, 206–7, 271, 363n29; growth without development in, 243–50; labor in, 247–50; and market forces, 45; in Naples, 4; production costs in, 250; and taxes, 7 Agüero, José Pablo de, 156–58 Aguirre, Juan José Martínez de, 151 Alba, duque de (Fernández de Silva Alvarez de Toledo), 100 Alba, Lorenzo Hernández de, 148 alcabalas (sales taxes), 125, 134–35, 197, 282–84, 411n48; as barometer of New Spain’s trade, 254–55, 260, 262, 279; farming of, 264; and Gálvez, 109, 111; increases in, 269; and mining , 284; privatization of, 13, 154, 231, 283 Alcalá, University of, 28 alcaldes (magistrates), 92–94, 200 Aldaco, Manuel de, 179, 229, 232, 234 almaceneros (warehousemen/merchants ): and convoy system, 134, 137, 140, 150–51, 154, 284; and feria system , 135; vs. Xotistas, 146, 229–31; and foreign suppliers, 168; and Gálvez, 162, 171, 302; and mining industry, 237–38; and Second Reglamento, 178–79, 181, 188, 246, 252, 254–61, 264–65, 274, 298; and textile trade, 211, 217, 280. See also merchants almacenes (private warehouses), 124, 297 Almaden, 240, 284 Alvarez y Frías (commercial house), 256 American Revolution, 150, 342; and English commercial interests, 295; and France, 140–42, 175, 263, 325, 339, 345; and New Spain, 346; and Spain, 175, 345–46; and Spanish ships, 181 Amsterdam, 17, 188, 272 Andalusia, 74, 110, 208, 279; and agriculture and free trade, 278; and colonial trade, 14, 207; export trade of, 42, 107, 144, 154, 186, 190, 271; landowning class of, 16, 22, 31, 97; Index • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Andalusia (cont.) mercantile community of, 112, 137, 349; monopoly of, 14, 63, 71, 295– 96; and New Spain, 66, 108, 189, 273; system of land tenure in, 207, 209. See also Cadiz Anglo-French commercial treaty (1786), 319, 393n80 Anson, George, 9, 53–54 Antigua, 352 Antúnez y Acevedo, Rafael, 156–58, 172, 183 Antwerp, 17 Apéndice a la educación popular (Campomanes ), 147–49, 161, 341, 384n43 Aquinas, Thomas, 105 Aragon, 51, 338 Aragón y Rubín de Célis, Juan Pizarro de (marqués de San Juan de Piedras Albas), 111 Aragorri, Simón de (marqués de Iranda), 63–64, 386n78 Aranda, conde de (Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea), 50–52, 159, 180; 1783 memorial of, 346–47; advice to Charles IV of, 203; and American Revolution, 345; on colonial policy, 345–46; crisis-management of, 115; and Esquilache’s changes, 149; and expulsion of Jesuits, 235; as governor of Consejo de Castilla, 86–89, 114; and investigation of motín, 99–101 Arango y Parreño, Francisco, 303 Arcos, duque de (Antonio Ponce de León), 84–85, 100 Argandona, Domingo Antonio de, 67 Armona, Francisco, 108 Arriaga, Julián de, 25, 324, 361n82; as colonial secretary, 13, 30, 50, 61, 77, 364n55, 365n68, 366n88, 369n24; death of, 145; marginalization of, 112; resistance to innovation of, 107, 110–11, 156 arrieros (mule drivers), 140, 251–53 Arroyal, León de, 146, 200, 207, 263, 346, 423n42, 424n46; public income policy of, 347; and renovation of constitution, 348 asentistas (tax farmers), 20, 44 asiento (slave supply contract), 21, 43–44, 59, 295–96 Asturias, 67; princes of, 239, 345, 347 Audiencia: of Charcas, 237; of Lima, 237; of Mexico City, 242, 244; of Santo Domingo, 156 Augustine, Saint, 105 Austria, 6 Austrian Succession, War of, 12, 15, 48, 60, 68, 130, 305, 315; and Naples, 9, 22–23 autoridad soberana (central government ), 346–47 Avendaño, Diego de, 86–87 aviadores (mine suppliers), 76 avío funds, 239, 241 Banco de San Carlos, 222, 268, 271, 286, 307–11, 416n16; Floridablanca’s support for, 340, 422n14; and Second Reglamento, 188, 190; and silver transfers, 309–11, 335, 344 bancos de plata, 227–28, 230–31, 265 bankruptcies, 190–95; in Barcelona, 221; in Cadiz, 188, 190–92, 219, 261, 266, 278, 290, 292; causes of, 292, 302; in New Spain, 281; and Second Reglamento, 189; types of, 191...

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