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Notes Introduction 1. National League of Cities, City of Man: Proceedings of the Forty-third Annual Congress of Cities, Las Vegas, Nevada (Washington, D.C.: National League of Cities, 1966), 4. 2. National League of Cities (1966), 4–6. 3. National League of Cities (1966), 7; Donald Janson, “Webb Backs Cost of Space Program: Rebuts Attack on Priority at Parley of City Of~cials,” New York Times, December 6, 1966, 34. 4. The term aerospace dates to 1958, but it was used retroactively to refer to innovations developed earlier. 5. Adam Yarmolinksy, The Military Establishment: Its Impacts on American Society (New York: Harper & Row, 1971). 6. Yolanda Ward, “Spatial Deconcentration,” www.interactivist.net/housing/ spatial_d_1.html; Samuel Yette, The Choice: The Issue of Black Survival in America (New York: Putnam, 1971). I use the term defense intellectual throughout this book as shorthand for a category of civilian experts who participated in defense planning; the “intellectuals ” are to be differentiated from men with distinguished military careers who moved into civilian government. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1950) is a classic study of this latter phenomenon in the American context . As with the categories “scientist” and “politician,” the civilian defense intellectuals were not an entirely homogenous group. 7. The military shorthand for this phrase is C4ISR, which postdates the time period discussed in this book but perfectly captures the range of defense innovations exported to city governments. 8. Edward Relph, The Modern Urban Landscape (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987); Jon Teaford, The Rough Road to Renaissance: Urban Revitalization in America, 1940–1985 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990); Thomas Sugrue, Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996). 9. Thomas Hanchett, “Federal Incentives and the Growth of Local Planning, 1941– 1948,” Journal of the American Planning Association 60, no. 2 (1994): 197–208; Donald Albrecht, ed., World War II and the American Dream: How Wartime Building Changed a Nation (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995); Tom Lewis, Divided Highways (New York: Viking Penguin , 1998); Roger Lotchin, Fortress California, 1910–1961 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Ann Markusen, Peter Hall, Scott Campbell, and Sabrina Detrick, The Rise of the Gunbelt (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991). 10. The term technique refers to methods of analysis—for example, systems analysis and photointerpretation—as well as methods dictating practices including space age management and development theory. 11. “Military-industrial-academic complex” is Stuart Leslie’s (1993) updating of President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s (1961) “military-industrial complex.” Stuart Leslie, The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993); Dwight Eisenhower, “Farewell Address”: http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/ike.htm 12. John Staudenmaier, Technology’s Storytellers (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985); Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986); Peter Galison and Bruce Hevly, eds., Big Science: The Growth of Large-scale Research (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1992); Daniel Kevles, The Physicists: The History of a Scienti~c Community in Modern America (New York: Knopf, 1977); David Noble, Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation (New York: Knopf, 1984); Les Levidow and Kevin Robins, eds., Cyborg Worlds: The Military Information Society (London : Free Association Books, 1989). 13. In some cases this has led to a distortion of urban analysis as scholars project onto all cities the experience of these two larger-than-life urban centers; see my discussion , re: Los Angeles, in Jennifer Light, “From City Space to Cyberspace,” in Phil Crang, Mike Crang, and Jon May, eds., Virtual Geographies (London: Routledge, 1999). In a similar vein, many of the defense and security experts described throughout this book, enthusiastic promoters of the transfer of innovations from military and aerospace to urban settings, were unable fully to appreciate the range of environments encompassed by these terms and how local conditions might alter the outcomes of technology transfer. 14. Although this book extends studies of the cold war on American civilian culture, it emphatically is not an argument about the “militarization of everyday life.” City planners and managers across the United States adopted the products of military research and development, but the effects of these technologies on the average urban dweller’s existence were negligible. The urban effects of information and communication technologies discussed throughout the book were largely invisible to the public since they occurred at the organizational level; in other words, rather...

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