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Introduction 1. See Ernest Hatch Wilkins, Life of Petrarch (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961), pp. 3‒24. 2. See William J. Kennedy, Authorizing Petrarch (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994); and Gino Belloni, Laura tra Petrarca e Bembo: Studi sul commento umanistico-rinascimentale al “Canzoniere” (Padua: Antenore, 1992). For the social, cultural, and technological context of these commentaries, see Paolo Trovato, Con ogni diligenza corretto: La stampa e le revisioni editoriali dei testi letterari italiani 1470‒1570 (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1991), pp. 121‒63; for Petrarch’s reform of book production providing impetus for such commentaries, see Armando Petrucci, Writers and Readers in Medieval Italy: Studies in the History of Written Culture, trans. Charles M. Radding (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), pp. 174‒203; for Aldus Manutius’ innovative edition of Petrarch’s Italian poetry in 1501, see Brian Richardson, Print Culture in Renaissance Italy: The Editor and the Vernacular Text, 1470‒1600 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 48‒78; and, for the diversified reading public that received such commentaries in the sixteenth century, see Richardson, Printers, Writers, and Readers in Renaissance Italy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 107‒57. 3. He entered the city only twice, each time for a few days of stopover flanking a visit to Rome in the Jubilee Year of 1350 (referred to in Familiares 11.1 and 11.5). On the first occasion (early October) he stayed with Boccaccio, attended to some family matters about confiscated property, and met several young scholars who showed him a longer text of Quintilian’s Institutes than the one he had known, inspiring him upon his return to compose a letter to Quintilian dated from Florence in December (Familiares 24.7). See Wilkins, Life, pp. 99‒102. 4. For Bembo, see Kennedy, Authorizing Petrarch, pp. 82‒113; Martin L. McLaughlin, Literary Imitation in the Italian Renaissance: The Theory and Practice of Literary Imitation from Dante to Bembo (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), pp. 249‒74; and Maurizio Vitale, La Questione della lingua (Palermo: Palumbo, 1978), pp. 50‒104. For Bembo’s reception outside of Tuscany, see Paolo Trovato, Storia della lingua italiana: Il primo Cinquecento (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1994), pp. 75‒123. For the role of anthologies in disseminating Petrarchism, see Amedeo Quondam, Petrarchismo mediato: Per una critica della forma antologia (Rome: Bulzoni, 1974), pp. 215‒50. 263 Notes 5. For Machiavelli’s complex relationship to the Medici and the Republic of Florence, see John Najemy, Between Friends: Discourses of Power and Desire in the Machiavelli-Vettori Letters of 1513‒15 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), pp. 58‒117, 197‒214, and 241‒53; Sebastian DeGrazia, Machiavelli in Hell (Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1989), pp. 145‒56; and Maurizio Viroli, Machiavelli (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 56‒62 and 73‒113. For Bembo’s influence on the literary vernacular, see Giancarlo Mazzacurati, La questione della lingua dal Bembo all’ accademia Fiorentina (Naples: Liguori, 1965), pp. 109‒24; and Pasquale Sabbatino, L’idioma volgare: Il dibattito sulla lingua letteraria nel Rinascimento (Rome: Bulzoni, 1995), pp. 13‒44 and 149‒238. 6. For descriptive profiles, see Carlo Dionisotti, “La Fortuna del Petrarca nel ’400,” Italia medioevale e umanistica 17 (1974): 61‒113; Ezio Raimondi, “Francesco Filelfo interprete del Canzoniere,” Studi Petrarcheschi 3 (1950): 143‒64; and Kennedy, Authorizing Petrarch, pp. 36‒45. For the analogous history of fifteenthand sixteenth-century commentaries on Dante’s work, see Deborah Parker, Commentary and Ideology: Dante in the Renaissance (Durham: Duke University Press, 1993), with a study of Filelfo on pp. 53‒57. 7. For profiles, see Parker, Commentary and Ideology, pp. 119‒21 and 196‒97; Belloni, Laura tra Petrarca e Bembo, pp. 58‒88; and Kennedy, Authorizing Petrarch, pp. 45‒52. 8. See profiles in Kennedy, Authorizing Petrarch, pp. 52‒62; for Sylvano, see Sabbatino, L’idioma volgare, pp. 46‒55; for Gesualdo, see Belloni, Laura tra Petrarca e Bembo, pp. 190‒219. 9. For profiles, see Parker, Commentary and Ideology, pp. 109‒23; Ezio Raimondi , “Bernardino Daniello e le varianti petrarcheschi,” Studi Petrarcheschi 5 (1952): 95‒130; Belloni, Laura tra Petrarca e Bembo, pp. 226‒83; and Kennedy, Authorizing Petrarch, pp. 62‒67. 10. See profiles in Paolo Trovato, Il primo Cinquecento, pp. 49‒55; Giorgio Spini, Tra rinascimento e riforma: Antonio Brucioli (Florence: La Nuova Italia, 1940), pp. 98‒99 and 192‒93; Ezio Raimondi, “Gli scrupoli di un filologo: Ludovico Castelvetro e il Petrarca,” Studi Petrarcheschi 5 (1952): 131‒210; and Kennedy, Authorizing Petrarch, pp. 67‒81...

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