Bioethics in a Liberal Society: The Political Framework of Bioethics Decision Making

Index

INDEX abandonment, 81, 94–95, 104 abortion, 5, 98, 103, 121 access to health care, 100–103 advance directives, 48, 54–77; forms of, 56, 70, 73–74; limits of, 54–55, 73–74, 77; validity of, 74–77 advocacy, 122 Annas, George, 66, 91–93 Aristotle, 66 assessment: of benefits/burdens, 1, 14–16, 71, 95, 105–107, 120–121; of decisions, 15, 23–27, 32, 33, 37, 44–45, 74–76 autonomy, 13, 14, 39–40, 64, 71, 81, 88; importance of, 3, 4, 6, 9, 82; role of, 13, 16, 90 beneficence, 93–96 Berlin, Isaiah, 6 best interests, 26, 49, 50, 52 Brock, Dan, 36–38, 55 Buchanan, Alan, 36–38, 55 children, 25, 36–37, 43, 47, 49–50 choice between alternative treatments, 13–16, 34, 95, 98, 104–109 codes of ethics, 95–96 commitment, 63–71 communication, 20–21 competence, 21, 32–47; as eligibility to assume responsibility, 21, 37–38, 39–47; sliding-scale model, 35–36; task competence , 36–38 consensus, 123 constitutionalism, 13, 40, 123–124 culture, 3–5, 13, 27, 43 democracy, 123 deontology, 2 disclosure, 16–21, 31; professional practice standard, 17–19; reasonable person standard, 19–20; subjective standard, 19, 20–21 discrimination, 6, 100 double effect, 103 Drane, James, 34–36 durable powers of attorney, 56, 70, 73–74 duties, 6, 83, 86, 92–97; of nonabandonment , 94–95; positive, 83; to treat, 83, 86, 92, 96–97 Dworkin, Ronald, 101 emergency medical treatment, 23–26, 92 equality, 124–125 ethics committees, 116–117 ethics consultation, 42, 117–125; goals of, 117 euthanasia, 98, 108–110 expertise, 123–125 fact-value distinction, 120–121 Feinberg, Joel, 7–8, 22, 38, 83, 85, 88, 89 Fischer, John Martin, 40–41 good, the, 1–3, Gray, John, 2, 123 guardianship, 37, 47, 48–49 harm, 23, 86 harm principle, 22–23, 86 Hohfeld, W., 6 indirect strategies, 28–30, 56–63 informed consent, 3, 13–32, 37–39, 95, 106–107, 113; and disclosure, 16–21, 31; exceptions to, 21–30; international approaches , 3–4; as a partnership, 20–21; waiver of, 14, 21, 28–30 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 16, 25, 47, 99 Kant, Immanuel, 2, 67 Kaplan, Kenneth, 34 law, 38, 43–46, 51–52, 64–66; and health care, 51–52; as social policy, 38, 43–44, 45–46, 64–66 liberalism, 2–9, 39–40, 47–48, 87, 88–91, 106–107, 110, 123–124 liberty, negative and positive, 6–9 life plans, 3, 67–71 life support, 47, 49, 109–112 living wills, 56, 70, 73–74 Malm, Heidi, 83, 87 mental illness, 25, 43 merit, 33, 44–45 Mill, John Stuart, 2–3, 22, 24, 26, 39, 123 Montefiore, Alan, 115 moral beliefs, 1, 16, 81, 102 moral theory, 2–4, 36 paternalism, 15, 19, 72, 81 personal identity, 55–56 physician-assisted suicide, 98–99 physician-patient relationship, 1, 81, 91–96 practical reasoning, 57–63, 66–71 President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 33 professional standards, 17–19 prohibitions, vs. requirements, 5–6, 109–113 provider rights of conscience, 9, 82, 99–113, 121; and access to health care, 100–101; in conflict with patient autonomy, 98–99; and discrimination, 100 public health, 22–23 quality of life, 1, 16, 71, 107, 109 Rawls, John, 2, 3, 67–68, 87 Raz, Joseph, 22–23, 28–30, 57–63, 65, 69 reasonable person standard, 19–20 requests, vs. refusals, 109–113 responsibility, 40–41, 45–46 rights, 3, 5–9, 82; negative, 6–9, 90; positive , 6–9 Rudolph, Wallace, 85 Sandel, Michael, 67 sanity, 43, 39–47; and autonomy, 39–47 Scofield, Giles, 118, 122–125 second-order reasoning, 28–30, 57–70, 90–91 self, 41, 55–56 Shalit, Ruth, 118–120 Smith, Patricia, 84 subjectivity, 19, 20–21 substituted judgment, 50–52 surrogate decision making, 3, 51–52, 75–76 Task Force on Standards for Bioethics Consultation (SHHV-SBC), 117, 122 technology, 1, 15 therapeutic privilege, 21, 26–30 toleration, 3, 81, 100, 115 Tollefsen, Christopher, 63–71 transfer of care, 99–100, 104 treatment: alternatives, 13, 15–16; determining appropriateness of, 1, 9, 22, 105–107, 110, 119–121 trust, 30 type, 33, 44–45, 102–107, 112–113 utilitarianism, 2–3 Index 134 values, 1–3, 14–16, 19–21...