Malaria: Poverty, Race, and Public Health in the United States

Notes

archive abbreviations fwp-shc: Federal Writers’ Project Papers. Southern Historical Collection. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. rac: Rockefeller Archive Center. North Tarrytown, New York. nacp: National Archives. College Park, Maryland. cdca: Centers for Disease Control Archives. National Archives Southeast. East Point, Georgia. introduction 1. “Malaria: Reduced to the Vanishing Point,” Public Health Rep 65 (1950): 1689; C. P. Stevick, “Has Malaria Disappeared?” N C Med J 12 (1951): 438–40. 2. Stanley C. Oaks, Jr., et al., eds., Malaria: Obstacles and Opportunities. A Report of the Committee for the Study on Malaria Prevention and Control: Status Review and Alternative Strategies, Division of International Health (Washington : National Academy Press, 1991), 1. 3. See, for example, J. Sunstrom et al., “Mosquito-Transmitted Malaria—Michigan , 1995,” Morb Mort Wkly Rep 45 (1996): 398–400; M. Dawson et al., “Probable Locally Acquired Mosquito-Transmitted Plasmodium vivax Infection— Georgia, 1996,” Morb Mort Wkly Rep 46 (1997): 264–67; C. del Rio et al., “Malaria in an Immigrant and Travelers—Georgia, Vermont, and Tennessee, 1996,” Morb Mort Wkly Rep 46 (1997): 536–39. Two cases acquired in Florida made headlines in August 1996: “Officials Look for Source of Last Month’s Malaria Cases in Florida,” News Observer (Raleigh, N.C.), Aug. 5, 1996, 5A. Two more indigenous cases were discovered on Long Island in 1999. John T. McQuiston, “Officials Try to Find Origin of Malaria in L. I. Boys,” New York Times, Sept. 2, 1999, B5. 4. Robertson Davies, The Deptford Trilogy (1970, 1972, and 1975; reprint New York: Viking Penguin, 1983). 5. The best history of competing schools of malaria control is Socrates Litsios, The Tomorrow of Malaria (Wellington, New Zealand: Pacific Press, 1996). Litsios carries his account through the failed WHO effort of 1955–69 and beyond, showing the value of history for understanding where the WHO went wrong. 155 Notes 6. Margaret Humphreys, Yellow Fever and the South (1992; reprint Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998). 7. Peter Matthiessen, At Play in the Fields of the Lord (1965; reprint New York: Bantam Books, 1976), 222, 224. chapter one: the pestilence that stalks in darkness 1. Psalms. 91.5–6 Revised Standard Version 2. This information, and that in the following paragraphs, is widely available in tropical medicine textbooks. See, for example, Stephen C. Reed and Carlos C. Campbell, “Malaria,” in Paul D. Hoeprich et al., eds., Infectious Diseases (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1994): 1335–44; W. H. Wernsdorfer and I. McGregor, eds., Malaria: Principles and Practice of Malariology (Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone, 1988); and Donald J. Krogstad, “Plasmodium Species (Malaria),” in Gerald L. Mandel et al., eds., Principles and Practice of Infectious Disease, 4th ed. (New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1998): 2415–27. 3. James Stevens Simmons, “The Transmission of Malaria by the Anopheles Mosquitoes of North America,” in Forest Ray Moulton, ed., A Symposium on Human Malaria with Special Reference to North America and the Caribbean Region (Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science , 1941), 113–30. 4. M. Bruin Mitzmain, “The Malarial Parasite in the Mosquito: The Effects of Low Temperature and Other Factors in its Development,” Public Health Rep 32 (1917): 1400–13; and G. H. Bradley and W. V. King, “Bionomics and Ecology of Nearctic Anopheles,” in Moulton, ed., Symposium on Human Malaria, 79–87. 5. John A. Ferrell, “Challenge of Malaria in the South,” Am J Public Health 21 (1931): 355–74, at 365. 6. Ernest Carroll Faust, “Clinical and Public Health Aspects of Malaria in the United States from an Historical Perspective,” Am J Trop Med 25 (1945): 185–201, at 190. 7. Menno Jan Bouma and Christopher Dye, “Cycles of Malaria Associated with El Niño in Venezuela,” J Am Med Assoc 278 (1997): 1772–74. 8. Jeffrey D. Palmer, “Green Ancestry of Malarial Parasites?” Curr Biol 2 (1992): 318–20; L. J. Bruce-Chwatt, “Pathogenesis and Paleoepidemiology of Primate Malaria,” Bull World Health Organ 32 (1965): 363–87; and G. R. Coatney et al., The Primate Malarias (Washington, D.C.: Department of Health, Education , and Welfare, 1971). 9. On the evolution and age of plasmodia species, see L. J. Bruce-Chwatt, “History of Malaria from Prehistory to Eradication,” in Wernsdorfer and McGregor , eds., Malaria, 1–59. 10. Christopher Wills, Yellow Fever, Black Goddess: The Coevolution of People and Plagues (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1996). 11. Paul Ewald, Evolution of Infectious Disease (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994). A recent discussion of falciparum’s...