The Socialist Car: Automobility in the Eastern Bloc

Notes

205 NOTES Introduction 1. Henry Kamm,“Noj Journal; Just Smashing Communism (Got Carried Away),” New York Times, April 1, 1992, http://query.nytimes.com/search/sitesearch?query=Noj+Journal&srchst=cse; Jane Perlez , “Albania’s Auto Industry: Dealing in Stolen Cars,” New York Times, August 16, 1997, http://www. nytimes.com/1997/08/16/world/albania-s-auto-industry-dealing-in-stolen-cars.htm (accessed January 20, 2011). 2. With its ever-dwindling stock of vintage American cars sharing road and garage space with Soviet-built Ladas, Cuba deserves—and has received—special treatment elsewhere. See Richard Schweid, Che’s Chevrolet, Fidel’s Oldsmobile: On the Road in Cuba (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004). The People’s Republic of China, where as late as 1990 only one in two hundred people owned a car, also falls outside our purview. For data see National Statistics Bureau, A Statistical Survey of China, 1996 (Beijing: China Statistics Press, 1996); for an analysis, see Li Gan,“Globalization of the Automobile Industry in China: Dynamics and Barriers in the Greening of Road Transportation” (CICERO Working Paper 9, 2001), http://www.cicero.uio.no/media/1381.pdf (accessed January 10, 2009). 3. Catherine Cooke, preface to Style and Socialism: Modernity and Material Culture in Post-War Eastern Europe, ed. Susan E. Reid and David Crowley (Oxford: Berg, 2000), vii. 4. Arjun Appadurai, ed., The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986). See also Stephen Edgell, Kevin Hetherington, and Alan Warde, eds., Consumption Matters: The Production and Experience of Consumption (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996); John Storey, Cultural Consumption and Everyday Life (London: Arnold, 1999); Martyn J. Lee, ed., The Consumer Society Reader (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000). 5. For the most sophisticated of such state-centered analyses, see Ferenc Fehér, Ágnes Heller, and György Márkus, Dictatorship over Needs: An Analysis of Soviet Societies (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983). 6. Roberta Sassatelli, Consumer Culture: History, Theory and Politics (London: Sage, 2007); Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumer’s Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (New York: Vintage Books, 2003). 7. E. A. Osokina, Ierarkhiia potrebleniia: O zhizni liudei v usloviiakh stalinskogo snabzheniia, 1928– 1935 gg. (Moscow: Izd-vo MGOU, 1993); Osokina, Za fasadom “stalinskogo izobiliia”: Raspredelenie i rynok v snabzhenii naseleniia v gody industrializatsii, 1927–1941 (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 1998); Julie Hessler, “Cultured Trade: The Stalinist Turn towards Consumerism,” in Stalinism: New Directions, ed. Sheila Fitzpatrick (London: Routledge, 2000), 182–209; Jukka Gronow, Caviar with Champagne: Common Luxury and the Ideals of the Good Life in Stalin’s Russia (Oxford: Berg, 2003); Vera Dunham, In Stalin’s Time: Middleclass Values in Soviet Fiction (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990). 8. See Mary Neuberger,“Inhaling Luxury: Lighting up in Socialist Bulgaria”(paper presented at the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies,New Orleans,November 15–18,2007); and György Majtényi,“Socialist Luxury: Lifestyles of the Elite in Hungary during the 1950s and 1960s”(paper presented at conference on“Social Transformations and Social Identities in East-Central and Southeastern Europe under Socialism,” Central European University, Budapest, September 28–30, 2007). 9. Mark Edele, “Strange Young Men in Stalin’s Moscow: The Birth and Life of the Stiliagi, 1945– 1953,” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 50 (2002): 37–61; Juliane Fürst,“The Importance of Being Stylish: Youth, Culture and Identity in Late Stalinism,” in Late Stalinist Russia: Society between Reconstruction and Reinvention, ed. Juliane Fürst (London: Routledge, 2006), 209–30; Roger P. Potocki,“The Life and Times of Poland’s ‘Bikini Boys,’” Polish Review 39, no. 3 (1994): 259–90. 10. David Crowley and Susan E. Reid, “Style and Socialism: Modernity and Material Culture in Post-War Eastern Europe,” in Reid and Crowley, Style and Socialism, 10–14. 11. James Millar,“The Little Deal: Brezhnev’s Contribution to Acquisitive Socialism,” Slavic Review 44, no. 4 (1985): 694–706. For varying use of the“social contract”metaphor, see Linda Cook, The Soviet Social Contract and Why It Failed: Welfare Policy and Workers’ Politics from Brezhnev to Yeltsin (Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), and with reference to “Soviet-style societies,” James R. Millar and Sharon L. Wolchik,“Introduction: The Social Legacies and the Aftermath of Communism,” in The Social Legacy of Communism, ed. James R. Millar and Sharon L. Wolchik (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1994), 2–10. 12. The literature was inaugurated by Gregory Grossman, “The Second Economy of the Soviet Union,” Problems of Communism...