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387 Italicized page numbers indicate photographs; t indicates a table. Andreotti, Giulio, 162 Andropov, Yuri, 76, 212, 213 Annenberg, Walter, 171 “Apes on the Treadmill” (Warnke), 229, 235 Arafat, Yasser, 160 Aragon, Joseph, 99 Arendt, Hannah, 235 Argentina, 242, 246 Arias, Arnulfo, 95 Arms reduction. See Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II) Arnold, Ellis, 72 Arns, Cardinal Paulo Evaristo, 242, 258 Asgarzadeh, Ibrahim, 176 Assad, Hafez, 142 Atherton, Alfred, 146 Atherton, Roy, 144, 161 Austin, J. Paul, 96 Aviation Weekly, 35 Azcue, Secundo, 255 Azhari, Gholomreza, 168 Baker, Howard Panama Canal, 97, 99, 102, 106 SALT II, 111, 113, 116 Bakhtiar, Shahpur, 168, 171–73 Ball, George, 20, 170–71 Bani-Sadr, Abolhasan, 177–79, 182–83, 185 Barak, Aharon, 146, 149–52, 154 Bauman, Robert, 95, 105 Baz, Osama el-, 146, 147, 149, 151 Bazargan, Mehdi, 172, 173, 176–78 Beckel, Robert, 97–98, 102, 109–10, 115 Beckwith, Charles, 186, 264, 266 Begin, Menachem, 142–62, 155 Bell, Griffin, 11, 15, 158 Benenson, Peter, 69 Benign neutrality policy, 242 Benson, Lucy, 23, 245–46 Benyahia, Mohamed Seddik, 278 Bergland, Robert, 11, 15, 200–201, 208 Bin Laden, Osama, 214 Blumenthal, Michael, 74, 133, 136, 237 Index Aaron, David, 63 China policy, 35, 132, 134, 136 Horn of Africa, 79 human rights policies, 70, 245 Iran, 168 PD-59 and MAD, 222 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 208–9 Abourezk, James, 102 Afghanistan, 186, 197–216, 247 background on Soviet intervention, 38, 197–98 blowback from covert operations, 214 Carter’s surprise at intervention, 197–98 covert operations (U.S.), 199–200 earlier warnings of interventions, 199 enemy images, 204–5 Muskie replaces Vance, 203, 216, 268 Soviet motivations for interventions, 204–5, 212–14, 230–31 reactions to U.S. policies, 203–5 U.S. sanctions considered, 200 U.S. sanctions implemented, conflicts over, 206–11 Vance’s demoralization, 214–15, 268 Ahumado, Ernesto Corripto, 250 Akhromeyev, Sergey, 213 Albright, Madeleine, 34, 36, 105 Aleman, Luis Antonio Colindres, 259 Alexander, Cliff, 91 Algeria, 275, 277–78 Ali, Muhammad, 88 Allen, Richard, 272 American foreign mission, 279–86 Carter and post-presidency learning, 286 Carter on U.S. moral role, 280–82 City on the Hill tradition, 280, 285–86 limits of, 283–84 Manifest Destiny, 280–81 promoting democracy, 280 prophetic visions, 285–86 prudence as relevant virtue, 282–84 Amin, Hafizullah, 197, 198, 204–5 Amnesty International, 69, 256 Anderson, John B., 207, 270, 274 388 INDEX El Salvador, 252–54 post-election military proposals, 274, 275 foreign policy institutional advantages, 29–34 Horn of Africa, 78–86 human rights policies, 71, 72, 74, 237–38, 240–41, 243–45, 248 Iran, 168, 170–75, 283 Iranian hostages, 263–66 as motivated tactician, 16, 123–24, 137–39 NSC staff and, 29–34, 39 Panama Canal, 89, 97, 99, 102–3, 105 PD-59 and MAD, 222–25, 229 role in administration, 1, 9, 11, 14, 19, 27, 279, 281 SALT II, Congressional debate, 108–10 SALT II, further negotiation, 56–62, 64–66 SALT II, original U.S. proposals, 45–46, 48–50, 53 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, 199–205, 206, 208, 211–12, 216 Soviet motivations and capabilities debate, 232, 235–36 Trilateral Commission, 23 Vance and, 20, 25–28, 30–33 Buckley, William F., 96 Bukovsky, Vladimir, 69 Bundy, McGeorge, 193, 194 Bunker, Ellsworth, 11, 90–91, 93 Burke, Edmund, 283 Bureau of Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs , 23, 71, 239, 245 Bush, George H. W., 87, 232, 246 Bush, George W., 271, 285 Butler, Landon, 99, 108–9 Byrd, Robert, 18, 100 China policy, 134 hostage rescue operation, 265 Iranian hostages, 265, 268 Panama Canal, 98–99, 102–3, 106 SALT II, 110, 111 Soviet brigade in Cuba, 192, 195–96 Caddell, Patrick, 11, 14, 108, 267 Califano, Joseph, 14 Callaghan, James, 63 Calley, William, 23, 73 Cambodia, 121, 131, 132, 138, 230, 237–39, 246 Campaign, presidential, 1976, 19, 45, 72 Campaign, presidential, 1980, 16, 270–74. See also Iranian hostage crisis campaign staff, 270–71 debates, 272 Democratic convention, 270 economic stances of candidates, 270, 273 Bourguet, Christian, 181, 182, 184–85 Bowdler, William, 253, 256 Brazil, 242 Brement, Marshall, 191, 202–4 Brezhnev, Leonid, 67 Iran, 174, 176, 179, 184 PD-59 and MAD, 221, 227 Poland, 240 SALT II, Congressional debate, 112, 114 SALT II, further negotiation, 56–62, 64–66 SALT II, original U.S. proposals, 43, 46, 47, 52–53, 281 SALT II, Vienna Summit, 66–67...

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