Affirmative Action for the Future

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. (2003). 2. Presumably, the reason O’Connor thought that race-based affirmative action would no longer be needed once her educational requirement had been met is that then, through the regular admission process, minorities would no longer be underrepresented in higher education. Diversity would be secured in that way. 3. Terence Pell, “The Nature of Claims about Race and the Debate over Racial Preferences,” International Journal of Applied Philosophy 18 (2004): 23. 4. Outreach affirmative action discussed in chapter 4 is different. It is rarely contested, although recently there has been an attempt to limit it. 5. With the exception of outreach affirmative action under some, possibly restricted, interpretation. 6. A corollary of this approach is to have the government stop gathering data on racial and sexual disparities in society, which, of course would make it difficult to assess the degree to which people are suffering from racial and sexual discrimination. Ward Connerly tried, but failed, to get a referendum (Prop. 54) in California passed to that effect in 2003. 1. Current Racial and Sexual Discrimination 1. Mitchell Chang, Daria Witt, James Jones, and Kenji Hakuta, Compelling Interest (Stanford : Stanford University Press, 2003), 98. 106 Notes to Pages 6–9 2. Maria Krysan, “Recent Trends in Racial Attitudes” (2002), http://tigger.cc.uic.edu. 3. Jamillah Moor, Race and College Admissions (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2005), 200. 4. Jody David Armour, “Hype and Reality in Affirmative Action,” University of Colorado Law Review 68 (1997): 1173. 5. Ibid. 6. Howard Schuman, Charlotte Steeh, Lawrence Bobo, and Maria Krysan, Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations, rev. ed. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997). Virtually the same percentage of whites continued to hold this view from 1962 through 2002. See http:// tigger.cc.uic.edu/~krysan/writeup.htm. 7. Derrick Bell, Silent Covenants (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 96. 8. See Michael Brown et al., White-Washing Race (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), chapters 2 and 5; Todd Michael Furman, “A Dialogue Concerning Claim Jumping and Compensatory Justice,” Teaching Philosophy 21 (1998): 131–51: Deborah Jones. “The Future of Bakke: Will Social Science Matter?” Ohio State Law Journal 59 (1998): 1054–67; Gerald Jaynes and Robin Williams, eds., A Common Destiny (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989); Andrew Hacker, Two Nations (New York: Ballantine Books, 1992); Gertrude Ezorsky, Racism and Justice (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991); Hunger 1995: Fifth Annual Report on the State of World Hunger (Silver Spring, MD: Bread for the World Institute, 1995). 9. Judy Lichtman et al., “Why Women Need Affirmative Action,” in The Affirmative Action Debate, ed. George Curry, 175–83 (Reading, MA: Perseus Books, 1996). 10. Leonard Steinhorn and Barbara Diggs-Brown, By the Color of Our Skin (New York: Dutton , 1999), 47. 11. Tom L. Beauchamp, “Goals and Quotas in Hiring and Promotion,” in Ethical Theory and Business by Tom L. Beauchamp and Norman Bowie, 5th ed., 379ff (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1996). 12. Bryan Grapes, ed., Affirmative Action (San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000), Introduction. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid. 15. M. V. Lee Badgett, Economic Perspectives on Affirmative Action (Washington, DC: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, 1995), 5. 16. LeAnn Lodder et al., Racial Preference and Suburban Employment Opportunities (Chicago: Legal Assistance Foundation and the Chicago Urban League, April 2003). 17. Devah Pager and Bruce Western, “Race at Work: Realities of Race and Criminal Record in the New York City Job Market” (2005), http://www.nyc.gov/html/cchr/pdf/race_report_web. pdf; Salim Muwakkil, “Have We Put Racism behind Us? Don’t Kid Yourselves,” Wall Street Journal, September 29, 2003. 18. The Impact Fund, Berkeley, California, www.impactfund.org. 19. Richard Tomasson et al., Affirmative Action (Washington, DC: American University Press, 1996). 20. T. Hsien and F. H. Wu, “Beyond the Model Minority Myth,” in Affirmative Action Debate, ed. G. E. Curry (Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 1998). 21. Claude S. Fischer et al., Inequality by Design (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 164–65. 22. S. G. Stolberg, “Race Gap Seen in Health Care of Equally Insured Patients,” New York Times, March 21, 2002. 23. Faye Crosby, Affirmative Action Is Dead; Long Live Affirmative Action (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 200. 24. Muwakkil, “Have We Put Racism behind Us?” 25. Ibid. 26. Steven R. Donziger, The Real War on Crime (New York: HarperCollins, 1999), 99. [3.144.42.196] Project...