Notes CHAPTER 1. EXILE, LITERATURE, AND JEWISH WRITERS 1. Paul Tabori, The Anatomy of Exile (London: Harrap, 1972), p. 27. "What sets exile fundamentally apart from other types of migration with their possible permutations and developments is that departure is involuntary and return impossible." Leon Grinberg and Rebeca Grinberg, Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Migration and Exile, trans. Nancy Festinger (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), p. 2. 2. The American Heritage Dictionary (1973), s.v. "Exile." 3. Edward Said, "Reflections on Exile," 7 March 1984, University of Pennsylvania . Public lecture. 4. Mary McCarthy, "Exiles, Expatriates and Internal Emigres," Listener 86 (25 November 1971): 706. 5. "Exile is the noble and dignified term, while refugee is more hapless. At one point in your flight you may be a refugee and later, covered with honours, turn into an exile." Ibid. 6. Andrew Gurr, The Writer in Exile: Creative Use of Home in Modern Literature (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1981), p. 10. Tabori has suggested that the Spanish word for exile, destierro (deprived of one's land), be extended, by analogy, to destiempo (deprived of one's time). Tabori, Anatomy, p. 32. 7. Said, "Reflections on Exile." 8. Lloyd S. Kramer, "Exile and European Thought: Heine, Marx, and Mickiewicz in July Monarchy Paris," Historical Reflections 11, no. 1 (Spring 1984): 48. 9. Robert Edwards, "Exile, Self and Society," in Exile in Literature, ed. Maria-Ines Lagos-Pope (Lewisburg, Pa.: Bucknell University Press, 1988), pp. 15-31. 157 158 NOTES TO CHAPTER 1 10. Tabori, Anatomy, p. 30. See also Mahnaz Afkhami, "Women, Revolution , and Exile: Oral History," University of Pennsylvania, Conference on Iranian Women's Studies, 11 November 1989: "You begin to translate yourself so you become compreh,ensible to the new culture ... [by doing so you then] become unfamiliar to yourself." 11. Tabori, Anatomy, p. 31. 12. Dr. Wittlin as cited by Tabori, in ibid, p. 32. 13. See, for example, Robert Edwards, "Exile, Self," p. 20; Claudio Guillen . "On the Literature of Exile and Counter-Exile," Books Abroad, Spring 1976,272. 14. E.g., Elias Canetti, Czeslaw Milosz, Isaac Bashevis Singer, Vladimir Nabokov, Samuel Beckett, Pablo Neruda, Juan Ramon Jimenez, Miguel Angel Asturias. Lagos-Pope, Exile in Literature, p. 7. 15. Ewa Thompson, "The Writer in Exile: Playing the Devil's Advocate," Books Abroad, Spring 1976,326. 16. David Williams, "The Exile as Uncreator," Mosaic 8 (Spring 1985): p. 11. 17. See the discussion of Claudio Guillen's notion of the literature of counterexile below. 18. For example, Samlr Naqqiish. See below, chapter 4. 19. An instance would be Joseph Conrad. He wrote of English adopting him in "A Personal Record," as quoted in Sanford Pinsker, Languages of Joseph Conrad (Amste:rdam: Rodopi, 1978), p. 10. 20. Asher Z. Milbauer, Transcending Exile: Conrad, Nabokov, I. B. Singer (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1985), p. xii. 21. Manoucher Parvin, "Iranian Fiction Writers Writing in a Second Language ," Middle East Studies Association Meeting, Toronto, Canada, 17 November 1989. 22. Thus Isaac Bashevis Singer has continued to write in Yiddish in order to remain faithful to the memory of millions of killed Yiddish speakers. His 1978 Nobel lecture, delivered in Yiddish, began with a tribute to the language: "The high honor bestowed upon me by the Swedish academy is also a recognition of the Yiddish language-a language of exile, without a land, without frontiers .... Yiddish is the wise and humble language of us all, the idiom of frightened and hopeful humanity." Cited in The Jewish Almanac, ed. Richard Siegel and Carl Rhein:; (New York: Bantam, 1980), p. 435. 23. For example, the Iranian novelist Mashid Amershah-i. 24. Ngugi wa Thiong'o, for instance, decided to return to his own tribal language (Kikuyu) after writing his well-acclaimed works in English, including Petals ofBlood. 25. Ewa M. Thompson, "Writer in Exile," pp. 327-28: "[F]or a certain category of writers at lea.st, exile can be a good thing. It can stimulate rather than lull the writer's sensibility." See also Walter Benjamin, "The Task of the Translator ," in Illuminations (New York: Schocken, 1969), pp. 80-81. [44.206.227.65] Project MUSE (2024-03-28 23:37 GMT) NOTES TO CHAPTER 1 159 26. Czeslaw Milosz, "Notes On Exile," Books Abroad, Spring 1976, 284. 27. Vladimir Nabokov, Strong Opinions (New York: Putnam, 1951), p.54. 28. Taghi Modaressi, "Iranian Writers Writing in a Second Language," Middle East Studies Association, Toronto, Ontario, 17 November 1989. 29. Pinsker, Languages ofJoseph Conrad, p...