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Note to the Reader Unless otherwise stated, all translations from Arabic sources are mine. Where translations of the same texts by others have been consulted or used, appropriate reference is given in the notes. Unless otherwise stated, all translations from the Quran are adapted from those of M. Pickthall, A. J. Araburry, and N. J. Dawood and A. Y. Ali. The adaptations vary in extent according to the demands of the interpretive context and consistency. In transliterations I have followed the system of IJMES. Diacritical marks are used consistently on italicized technical terms and book titles and where appropriate on personal and place names. Except where h indicates hijri date, all dates are of the Common Era (CE). Due to space limitation, I have identified sources in the notes by their date of publication. Full details are given in the selected bibliography. For ease of recognition , I have identified premodern Arabic sources by short or abbreviated titles. xi ...

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