Cosmology and Architecture in Premodern Islam: An Architectural Reading of Mystical Ideas

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. Al-Ghazali, Ihya, 3:20–21. 2. For example, see the listed works of Péres-Gómez, Wertheim, Foster, and Harries. 3. Many mystical ideas are also traceable in the writings of the twentieth-century Sufi Ahmad al-
Alawi (d. 1934). This shows the consistency of the Sufi thought even beyond the medieval period. See Lings, 1973. 4. Guénon, 1975. 5. See Snodgrass, 1990. 1. Discursive Order 1. For a review of Islamic cosmology, see Karamustafa, 1992; Heinen, 1982; Nasr, 1978a; and Jachimowicz, 1975. 2. See Heinen, 1982. 3. On the kalam cosmology, see Craig, 1979; on the Mu
tzilites’ approach, see Abu Zayd, 1996. 4. See al-Ghazali, Tahafut; Ibn Taymiyya, Fatawa. 5. See EI2, sama; and Karamustafa, 92. 6. See Crane, 1987; Sönmez, 1988. 7. Coomaraswamy, 1979, 15. 8. See Snodgrass, 1990, 1985; Critchlow, 1976; Bakhtiar, 1976; and Ardalan and Bakhtiar, 1973. 211 9. Guénon, 1975a, 73–74. 10. Coomaraswamy, 1979, 50–67. 11. Ibid., 64. 12. Ibid. 13. Schuon, 1984b. 14. Ibid., chap. 9. 15. Coomaraswamy, 1977, 2:6. 16. Ibid., 1:173, note 37; and 2:7. 17. Guénon, 1975b, xi. 18. Schuon, 1976a, vi. Nasr translates philosophia perennis as al-hikma al-khalida or al-hikma al-laduniyya. 19. Guénon, 1975b, x. 20. Schuon, 1975, 7. 21. Guénon, 1975a, 15–16 22. Ibid., 17. 23. Schuon, 1984a, 111. 24. Coomaraswamy, 1977, 1:13 25. Ardalan and Bakhtiar, 1973, xi. 26. Lings, 1991, viii. 27. The Macquarie Dictionary. 28. Coomaraswamy, 1980a, 15. On traditional symbolism, see also Coomaraswamy, 1980b, 1977; Eliade, 1991, 1986; and Snodgrass, 1990, 1:8–62. 29. Coomaraswamy, 1977, 1:324. 30. Ibid., 1980a, 15. 31. The following remarks on symbolism are based on Tillich, 1961a/b; Eliade, 1986, 1959a/b. 32. Snodgrass, 1985, 9. 33. Eliade, 1959b, 129. On the “nonhuman” origin of symbols, see Guénon, 1962. 34. Eliade, 1959a, 99; see also his, 1986, 5–6. 35. Ibid., 1986, 14. 36. Ibid., 1959a, 98. 37. Ibid., 1986, 6. 212 Notes to Chapter 1 38. A. Coomaraswamy, 1956, 23. 39. Burckhardt, 1967b, 132; see also Nasr, 1987a, 3–14. 40. Burckhardt, 1967b, 133. 41. Necipoglu, 1995, 80; see chap. 5. 42. Chorbachi, 1989. 43. Ibid., 757. 44. Ibid., 760. 45. Ibid. 46. Grabar, 1983, 27. 47. Ibid., 25. 48. Grabar, 1992, 236–37. 49. David Kolb, 1990, chap. 6. 50. Ardalan, 1980, illustrates the conventional understanding of symbolism my approach critiques. 51. Badawi, 1987. Primary and secondary sources on Sufism are numerous. For primary sources, see al-Hujwiri, Kashf al-Mahjub; al-Sarraj, al-Luma
; al-Qushayri, Risala; al-Makki, Qut al-Qulub. For secondary sources, see Knysh, 2000; Chittick, 2000; Nasr, 1979; Lings, 1975; Schuon, 1969, Schimmel, 1978. 52. Ibn Khaldun, Kitab al-
Ibar, 2:863–82. 53. Al-Sarraj, al-Luma
, 20–21. 54. Al-Qushayri, Risala, 126–28. 55. Al-Sarraj, al-Luma
, 132–33. 56. Lings, 1975, 46. 57. Fritz Meier, 1976, 117–40. 58. Ibid., 118. 59. See Knysh, 2000, chap. 6. 60. See ibid., chaps. 7 and 8. 61. Ibid., 326. 62. Nasr distinguishes three types of writing on Sufism. He regards the works of the perennialists to be “of the greatest importance for an authentic understanding of Sufism,” as their contribution represents “the truly authentic expositions of Sufism emanating from genuine teachings.” 1980, 5. 63. A “holy tradition” is a prophetic tradition in which the speaker is God. Notes to Chapter 1 213 64. Al-Nabulusi, a follower of Ibn
Arabi and a prolific scholar, is the author of numerous profound commentaries on eminent Sufi works, such as Fusus al-Hikam of Ibn
Arabi, the Khamriyya of Ibn al-Farid, and al-Nadirat al-
Ayniyya of al-Jili. 65. Bukhari, translation is based on Lings, 1975, 74. 66. Al-Nabulusi, “Munajat” (MS. 5570), f.39. 67. For a full biography of Ibn
Arabi see Addas, 1993. For an introduction to his life, works, and thought, see Chittick, 1989; Austin, 1980; Corbin, 1969; Nasr, 1964. 68. Ibn
Arabi, Fut., 1:153–54; see Chittick, 1989, xiii–xiv; Austin, 1980, 2–3. 69.
Afifi, Fus., 1:5; Yahya, 2001, examines 994 titles attributed to Ibn
Arabi. 70. Fawat al-Wafiyyat, cited in
Afifi, Fus., 1:6. 71. With each chapter including ten subchapters. Mentioned by Ibn
Arabi in al-Tadbirat, 112, See Yahya, 2001, 589. 72. Chittick, 1989, x. 73. Austin, 1980, 14. 74...