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117 Notes I N T RO D U C T I O N 1. Eliot Deutsch, Advaita Vedānta: A Philosophical Reconstruction (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1985), 3. 2. For an excellent summary of contemporary scholarship on the dating of Śanùkara and issues of authorship see, Bradley J. Malkovsky, The Role of Divine Grace in the Soteriology of Śanùkarācārya ( Leiden: Brill, 2001), 1–33. 3. Anantanand Rambachan, Accomplishing the Accomplished: The Vedas as a Source of Valid Knowledge in Śanùkara (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991). 4. Anantanand Rambachan, The Limits of Scripture: Vivekananda’s Reinterpretation of the Vedas (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994). 5. The works of Paul Hacker and Sengaku Mayeda, among others, are important contributions to these tasks. 6. For Śanùkara’s refutation of the Jain viewpoint see BSBh 2.2.33. 7. The word experience, in relation to the ātman, is problematic since it suggests duality and objectifies the self.This is a matter to which we return later. C H A P T ER 1. T H E H U M A N P RO B LEM 1. See CU ch.7. The Upanis³ads are religio/philosophical dialogues between teachers and students found at the end of the authoritative Hindu scriptures, the Vedas. For this reason, the dialogues are called Vedānta (the end of the Vedas). The Vedas are arranged in four collections known as the R³gveda, Sāmaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda . To emphasize the fact that the Vedas were transmitted orally from teacher to student, the texts are collectively referred to as śruti (that which is heard). Upanis³ad translations, except where stated otherwise, are taken from Upanis³ads, trans. Patrick Olivelle (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996). 2. See BU ch.4. 3. The four stages (āśramas) are studenthood (brahmacarya), householder (gr³hastya), forestdweller (vānaprasthya), and renunciation (sannyāsa). 118 THE ADVAITA WORLDVIEW 4. See MU ch.1 Although the terms parā and aparā are usually translated as “higher” and “lower,” it is accurate to understand these as signifying “complete” and “incomplete.”The Mun³d³aka Upanis³ad begins with the question from Śaunaka, “What is it,my lord,by knowing which a man comes to know the whole world?” The Upanis³ad suggests that by knowing brahman, the cause of everything, one comes to know, in essence, the world. In this sense, the knowledge of brahman is parā (complete). 5. The attitude and outlook that engender maturity in a student and that qualify her for inquiry into the scriptures will be discussed in ch.2 It is also possible that the Upanis³ad has in mind the first sections of each Veda dealing with ritual action. 6. parā yathā tadaksharamadhigamyate. 7. MU 1.1.6. 8. bhajagovindamù bhajagovindamù bhajagovindamù mūd³hamate samùprāpte sannihite kāle na hi na hi raks³ati d³ūkr³ñkaran³e See T. M. P. Mahadevan, The Hymns of Śanùkara (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1980).The Bhajagovindam is not considered to be an authentic work of Śan³kara. 9. The reference to the Hindu tradition is not meant to equate Hinduism with Advaita. What is spoken of today as Hinduism is a family of traditions, sharing common features and maintaining distinctive orientations. 10. nahi daridra sama dukha jaga māhīmù. See Śrī Rāmacaritamānasa, trans. R. C. Prasad (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1991), Uttarakānùd³a, 784. 11. Ibid., Uttarakān³d³a, 705. 12. BG 3:12.Translations,except where stated otherwise,are taken fromThe Bhagavad Gītā, trans.Winthrop Sargeant (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1984). 13. In BU 5.2.1–3, dāna (generosity), dama (self-control), and dayā (compassion) are listed as cardinal virtues. 14. See BG 3:36–37; 5:23. 15. BG 16: 13–14. For complete profile see 16: 8–18. 16. Huston Smith, The World’s Religions (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 15. 17. KaU 1:18. 18. KaU 1: 26–27. 19. David Loy, “The Religion of the Market,” Journal of the American Academy of Religion 65, no. 2 (1997): 286. 20. dharmāviruddha bhūtes³u kāmo ‘smi bharatars³abha. My translation. 21. BG 5:22 22. Quoted in William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience (Glasgow: William Collins, 1979), 160. 23. parīks³ya lokān karmacitān brāhman³o nirvedamāyānnāstyakr³tah³ kr³tena tadvijñānārtham sa gurumevābhigacchet samitpān³ih³ śrotriyam...

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