The Evolution of Death: Why We Are Living Longer

Index

abortion, 10, 32, 36, 69, 178n100 adolescence, 37, 49, 51–52, 53, 62, 70, 86; preadolescent, 70, 115; post-adolescent, 97; post-pubescent, 84, 115 adulthood, 48, 70, 104, 136, 151; midlife crisis, 49; old adult, 37, 49, 51–52, 128; senescent 37, 43, 49, 51, 62, 70, 128; size of adult, 81, 115–116, young adult, 35, 37, 43–44, 49, 51–52, 70, 128, 131 age-dependent deterioration, 25, 37, 38, 71, 98, 130, 137–139, 139; Alzheimer’s, 72; aortic valve calcification, 72; arteriosclerosis ; 48, 120; atherosclerosis; 72, 137; autoimmune disease, 25, 27, 137; behavioral deficits, 72; cataracts, 25, 82, 120; collagen accumulation, 139; dementias, 38, 72, 137; fibrinolysis, 71; graying, 120; Huntington’s, 16, 38; hypersensitivity , delayed-type, 138; dyslipidaemia, 71; hypertension, 71; hypo-cellular bone marrow, 139, immuno-surveillance breakdown, 137; impotence, 62; interstitial fibrosis, 72; macular degeneration, 25; mental, 38, 48 metabolic syndrome, 71, 72; neurodegeneration, 16; obesity, 71, 186n29; osteoarthritis, 137; osteoporosis , 120, 137; presbycusis, 25; presbyopia , 25; retinal degeneration, 16, 25, 139; unresponsiveness, 137 anti-aging medicine, 32, 130, 135; Centre on Ageing, 24; MacArthur Foundation, 16, 175n27 aging phenotype, 20; aging genes, 16, 20, 39, 120; collateral inheritance, 22; direct lineal inheritance, 22–23; gerontic genes, 20; Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome , 22; premature aging, 120; progeria , 22; Werner’s syndrome, 22 algae, 60, 65, 143, 167, 181n18; euglenids, 167 altricial development, 135–136, 144 amphibians, 81, 122, 134, 135, 143; axolotl (Ambystoma), 134; mud puppy, 135, 136; Necturus maculosus, 135; Proteus anguinus, 135; salamander, 134; tadpole, 90 animals (metazoans), 86, 92, 101, 108, 112, 115, 127, 134, 136, 142, 163; eusocial, 162, 170, 171–172, 195n17; evolution of, 77, 92, 134; multicellular, 64, 76, 169; with negligible senescence, 106, 115, 120; sexual life cycle in, 86. See also invertebrates, vertebrates antagonistic serial pleiotropy, 17 antigens, 124–125, 130, 137, 138, 139; embryonic, 125 apoptosis, 16, 121, 138, 139–140, 166 Archaea, 60, 91, 162, 164 autophagia, 16, 166 autopoiesis, 78, 93 baby boomers, 154 Bacteria, 9, 38, 60, 75, 91, 137, 138, 162, 164–165; aging and death in, 118, 165, 195n7; Bacillus/Lactobacillus, 165; biofilms, 164; Escherichia coli, 61, 138; Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 138; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 138; ribosomes , 166; sexual pili, 164; Streptococcus pneumoniae, 138 Index 235 Bateson, William, 18, 176n36 Bauplan, 77, 162 behavior, 34, 59, 96; etiology of, 72, 135–136; imprinting, 178n86; in superorganisms , 171 Bell, Alexander Graham, 22 Bergson, Henri, 28 bioethics, 124, 157 biogenesis, 58 biometry, 18–19, 22, 23 birds, 23, 81, 135, 136, 143, 154; budgerigars , 81; common tern, 81; ratites, 135 birth rate, 145, 192n73 blastocyst, 68, 83, 86, 109, 143; blighted ovum 67; pre-embryo, 36, 51, 54, 61, 67, 68; pre-implantation, 36, 61, 67, 129; inner cell mass (ICM), 68, 109, 123, 127, 129, 187n6; transplantation of cells into, 127, 130, 132, 142, 143; trophectoderm , 68, 83, 109, 127, 187n6 blood, 75, 110, 113, 120, 131; cells, 74, 90, 102, 111, 112, 121, 123, 129; forming organs, 74; pressure, 71; volume, 72 bone marrow, 84, 112, 113–114, 137, 138, 140; of elderly, 139; and pluripotentiality , 123; bone mineral density, 71–72; bone morphogenetic protein-4, 129 cache cells: adult cache (AC) cells, 116–117, 128, 131, 137; b-cells, 140; cardiac myocytes, 114, 117; fibroblasts, 102, 113, 117; hepatocytes, 108, 113, 117, 187n22; neuroblasts/osteocytes, 113; smooth muscle (uterus), 112 Calment, Jeanne, 21, 99, 135, 153 caloric restriction (CR), 8, 25, 71, 139–140 Carey, James, 99, 176n39, 179n4 cell cycle, 116–117, 120, 122; arrest, 118; dynamics, 103, 108, 113, 116, 122, 131, 140; G0 phase, 116; G1 phase, 63, 116; G2 phase, 63, 116; interphase, 122; M phase, 116; S phase, 116, 122 cell death, 65, 102, 108–109, 122; altruistic , 165, 174n13; differentiation and, 80, 86, 90, 102, 108, 128, 131; massive, 84, 91, 122; and mitochondria, 84–85, 120, 166, 184n78 cell division, 78–80, 83, 101, 102, 103, 163; asymmetric, 122–123, 126, 127, 131; binary fission, 59, 79, 164–165; and cell longevity, 119; in eukaryotes, 63–66, 166–167; and immortality, 60–61, 75–77, 120, 127, 128, 140; horizontal , 123; and potency, 83; in prokaryotes , 164–165; in reserve cells, 116; in static tissue, 113, 119; symmetric (proliferative ), 60–61, 109, 122; and telomeres, 118, 120, 140, also see binary fission, cleavage cell markers, 117, 122, 124–125, 127, 129–130, 142; label-retaining cells (LRCs), 125 cell theories, 107–109; of death, 117–120; of growth and development, 109–112; of...