Cooperating Rivals: The Riparian Politics of the Jordan River Basin

Notes

Notes CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. John F. Turner, Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, US State Department, “Water Scarcity in the Middle East: Regional Cooperation as a Mechanism Toward Peace.” House International Relations Committee (serial no. 108–118) [108th Congress, second session, 5 May 2004], (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2004), 19. 2. “‘Water Factory’ Aims to Filter Tensions,” BBC News 7 Sept. 2004. 3. See Arun Elhance, Hydro-Politics in the 3rd World (Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press, 1999). 4. Charles Lipson, “Why Are Some International Agreements Informal?” International Organization 45:4 (Autumn 1991), 526–527. 5. Andrew Moravcsik, “Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics,” in Charles Lipson and Benjamin Cohen, eds., Theory and Structure in International Political Economy (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999), 41, and Hans Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, 6th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985), 5. 6. Moravcsik, “Taking Preferences Seriously,” 33. 7. See, for example, John Bulloch and Adel Darwish, Water Wars: Coming Conflict in the Middle East (London: Victor Gollancz, 1993). Also see John Cooley, “The War over Water,” Foreign Policy 54 (Spring 1984) and Joyce Starr, “Water Wars,” Foreign Policy 82 (Spring 1991), 17–36. For more recent policymaker statements, see Nimrod Raphaeli, “The Looming Crisis of Water in the Middle East,” Middle East Media Research Institute Inquiry and Analysis Series No. 124 (21 Feb. 2003). 8. Aaron Wolf, “Conflict and Cooperation Along International Waterways,” Water Policy 1:8 (1998), 255 and Aaron Wolf et al., “Water Can be a Pathway to Peace, not War” The Woodrow Wilson Center Environmental Change and Security Program Navigating Peace 1 (July 2006). 9. For a more detailed discussion, see Jeffrey Sosland, “Understanding Environmental Security: Water Scarcity, the 1980s’ Palestinian Uprising, and Implications for 213 Peace” in Tami Amanda Jacoby and Brent Sasley, eds., Redefining Security in the Middle East (New York: University of Manchester Press, 2002), 116–123. 10. See the “Water and Conflict Chronology” worldwater.org/chronology.html 11. David Singer, “The ‘Correlates of War’ Project,” World Politics 24:2 (Jan. 1972), 243–270. 12. Wolf, “Conflict and Cooperation Along International Waterways, 255.” Also see Mark Giordano et al., “International Resource Conflict Mitigation,” Journal of Peace Research 42: 1 (2005), 47–65. 13. Understanding International Conflicts, 3rd ed. (New York: Longman, 2000), 70–71. 14. Homer-Dixon defines acute conflict as “involving a substantial probability of violence.” (“On the Threshold: Environmental Changes as Causes of Acute Conflict,” International Security 16:2 (Fall 1991), 77). 15. Gunther Baechler, “Why Environmental Transformation Causes Violence: A Synthesis” The Woodrow Wilson Center Environmental Change and Security Project Report Issue, 4 (Spring 1998), 30–31. 16. Nadav Safran, Israel: The Embattled Ally (Cambridge: Belknap, 1978), 381–413. 17. Charles Lipson and Benjamin Cohen, eds., Theory and Structure in International Political Economy (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999), ix. 18. Andrew Moravcsik, The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998), 20. 19. Moravcsik, “Taking Preferences Seriously,” 37. 20. Moravcsik, “Taking Preferences Seriously,” 39–40. 21. Moravcsik, “Taking Preferences Seriously,” 40. 22. Ivan Arreguin-Toft, “How the Weak Win Wars: A Theory of Asymmetric Conflict,” International Security 26:1 (Summer 2001), 97. 23. Moravcsik, “Taking Preferences Seriously,” 44. 24. Bridging the Gap: Theory and Practice in Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace, 1993), 111–113. 25. AaronWolf, Hydropolitics Along the Jordan River (NewYork: United Nations University Press, 1995). 26. Wolf, Hydropolitics Along the Jordan River, 3. 27. See Robert Lieber, Theory and World Politics (Cambridge: Wintrop, 1972), 41–50. This is somewhat of an odd theoretical debate considering that the theory of functionalism and neofunctionalism has been regarded as obsolete, even by its supporters , for the past twenty years (see, for example, Ernst Haas, “The Obsolescence of Regional Integration Theory,” Research Series No. 25 (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1975)). Even so, the related policy 214 Notes to Pages 5–7 debate is relevant: should the focus of Arab-Israeli peacemaking be on functional issues like water cooperation or should it be on resolving the larger political issues first? 28. Miriam Lowi, Water and Power: The Politics of a Scarce Resource in the Jordan River Basin (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 9; “Water Disputes in the Middle East,” The Woodrow Wilson Center Environmental Change and Security Project Report, Issue 2 (Spring 1996). Lowi makes the same...