That Religion in Which All Men Agree: Freemasonry in American Culture

Notes

229 introduction 1. Anthony Ashley Cooper, third Earl of Shaftesbury, treatise 2, “Sensus communis: An Essay on the Freedom of Wit and Humour—in a Letter to a Friend,” in his Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times (London, 1711), 64–122. 2. Anthony Ashley Cooper, third Earl of Shaftesbury, “Inquiry Concerning Virtue,” in British Moralists, 1650–1800, vol. 1, ed. D.D. Raphael (Indianapolis : Hackett, 1991), 6–63. 3. James Anderson, The Constitutions of the Free-Masons (1723), reprint of Anderson’s book by Benjamin Franklin (1734; repr., Bloomington, IL: Masonic Book Club, 1971), 54. Hereafter cited as Constitutions. 4. Constitutions, 48. 5. On the uses of secrecy, see Margaret C. Jacob, The Radical Enlightenment : Pantheists, Freemasons, and Republicans (London: Allen and Unwin, 1981). 6. Constitutions, 48. 7. Sydney Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People, 2 vols. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1972), 1:669 n. 1. 8. Jonathan Z. Smith, “Religion, Religions, Religious,” in Critical Terms for Religious Studies, ed. Mark C. Taylor (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 281–82. 9. See Tisa Wenger, We Have a Religion: The 1920s Pueblo Dance Controversy and American Religious Freedom (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009); Richard King, Orientalism and Religion: Postcolonial Theory , India and “the Mystic East” (New York: Routledge, 1999); Donald S. Lopez, Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998); David Chidester, Savage Systems: Colonialism Notes 230 | Notes to Pages 3–6 and Comparative Religion in Southern Africa (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996). 10. On what is at stake in definitions of religion, see especially Timothy Fitzgerald , The Ideology of Religious Studies (Oxford: Oxford University, 2000); Russell T. McCutcheon, Manufacturing Religion: The Discourse on Sui Generis Religion and the Politics of Nostalgia (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); Talal Asad, Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993). 11. This definition originates in Emile Durkheim’s understanding of religion as adapted and applied by Robert N. Bellah, Clifford Geertz, David Chidester, and many others. See Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life (London : George Allen and Unwin, 1915); Bellah, Beyond Belief: Essays on Religion in a Post-traditional World (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1970); Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973); Chidester, Authentic Fakes: Religion and American Popular Culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005). 12. See David D. Hall, Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgment: Popular Religious Belief in Early New England (New York: Knopf, 1989); Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), 67–97. 13. W. Clark Gilpin, “Recent Studies of American Protestant Primitivism,” Religious Studies Review 19, no. 3 (July 1993): 231–35. 14. John L. Brooke, The Refiner’s Fire: The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644–1844 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). 15. See Laurie Maffly-Kipp, Setting Down the Sacred Past: AfricanAmerican Race Histories (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010); Patrick N. Minges, Slavery in the Cherokee Nation: The Keetoowah Society and the Defining of a People, 1855–1867 (New York: Routledge, 2003); Jonathan D. Sarna, Jacksonian Jew: The Two Worlds of Mordecai Noah (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1981); T.J. Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880–1920 (Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1981). 16. On Protestantism and the early republic, see Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of Christianity (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989); Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith, 194–288. 17. For a discussion of this scholarship, see Linda K. Kerber, Nancy F. Cott, Robert Gross, Lynn Hunt, Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, and Christine Stansell, “Beyond Roles, Beyond Spheres: Thinking about Gender in the Early Republic ,” William and Mary Quarterly 46 (July 1989): 565–85. 18. Mark C. Carnes, Secret Ritual and Manhood in Victorian America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989). 19. On African Americans and class, see William A. Muraskin, Middle-Class Blacks in a White Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975); Loretta J. Williams, Black Freemasonry and Middle-Class Realities (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1980). On black masculinity, see Martin Summers , Masculinity and Its Discontents: The Black Middle Class and the Transformation of Masculinity, 1900–1930 (Chapel Hill: University of North Notes to Pages 6–9 | 231 Carolina Press, 2004); Maurice Wallace, Constructing the...