Usable Social Science

Index

411 academic freedom, 352 academy, 315–317, 325–326, 351; fixity and change in academic departments, 320–321; peer review, 328–329; sectarian conflicts, 329–332; tenure system, 328–329; universities , 211, 301, 315, 323, 351 accountability, 209–212, 262 adoption, 306 advertising, 93 aging of populations, 16 agriculture: agricultural revolution, 296; development of industrial, 240, 295, 302; features of agricultural societies, 27, 238, 307; globalization of, 296; as sector in advanced societies, 297, 304 aiDS/Hiv epidemic, 134, 313 alienation, 36, 187, 200, 302, 327 “all-hazards” approach, 219–220 allport, Gordon W., 334; and leo Postman, 71 ambiguity, 56, 138; and measurement, 117–118; model of (see also “garbage-can” model of decision-making.), 159–160; reducing, 169; sources of, 207–208; team opacity, 46; toleration of, 11, 87. See also cultural ambiguity american enterprise institute, 343 american international Group (aiG), 162 american Philosophical Society, 8 analytic models in social sciences, 336–337; hypotheses, 337–338; mathematical models, 336 anderson, Neil, and colleagues 327 anomie (Durkheim), 68, 131, 279, 300. See also social disorganization anthropology, 300; and colonialism, 300 antisocial behavior, 200 applied knowledge, 1–5, 51–52, 104; medical model, 2–3, 316; social engineering models, 2–3, 261, 316; usability of knowledge, 8, 10, 331–332; utilitarian models, 2–5, 243, 247. See also knowledge; rational-choice analysis arrow, Kenneth J., 142, 147 “asian miracle,” 232 attribution error, 64 attribution theory, 55, 63–65, 191 audiences in the social sciences, 6–9 authoritarian personalities: strategy of, 58; notion of, 99 authoritarian vs. democratic rule, 192–193, 247 balance theory, cognitive dissonance and, 65–66 bandwagon effect, 67 banking risks, 284–287 Barber, Bernard, 140, 172 Bazerman, Max H., 156 behavior, nonrational elements, 84–87 behavioral-descriptive approaches, 157–169 behavioral economics, 81 behavioral science, 6, 11n.1, 22. See also psychology ; social sciences Index 412 Index behaviorism, 93, 94–95 Berkeley academic Senate, 268–269 Berkeley student protests, 101–104 bias: assumption of, 76; cognition and, 10, 53, 90, 154; cultural biases, 243; experimenter bias, 260, 261, 350; and heuristics research, 75–82, 181; in judgment, 5, 33, 59, 67; self-enhancing biases, 166; self-reported biases, 60; types of, 88, 166. See also heuristics biased information, 183 bonuses, 109; “bonuses for failure,” 110. See also monetary compensation bounded rationality, 157 Bourdieu, Pierre, 146, 147 Brookings institution, 343, 344 bullying, 88, 201 Buono, anthony f., 344–345 bureaucracy, 207, 235, 269; Weber on, 4, 189 burnout, 227 Bürolandschaft movement, 36 business cycles, 16, 304 business leaders, 193; establishing a public presence, 73; knowledge users, 6. See also corporations; entrepreneurship business schools, 326 business strategies, 280 business year, financial reporting, 31–32 calendar(s), 29–31 capital, 219; financial, 219, 222, 224, 231; international , 232. See also human capital; social capital capitalism, 35, 146, 203, 215, 221, 230, 281; business cycles, 16, 304; global capitalism (see also globalization), 117, 247, 299, 305, 312, 345; ideology of, 82; labor and, 106, 200; market-based (see also market systems), 105, 212; rise of, 278; short-termism and, 34–35; unregulated, 106–107 Carroll, Glenn R., and M.t. Hannan, 32–33, 205 case studies, 281–282; case studies and clinical inference in the social sciences, 281, 282 categorization, 56–57, 61, 65; discrimination, 59–61; preexisting categories, 57–58; prejudice and stereotypes, 58–59. See also stigmatization Census Bureau, 341 charitable organizations, 6, 185 child labor, 107 Christianity, 332 cities, 18, 40, 124, 321; city planning and management , 6, 206, 207 civil service, 112, 189, 190, 199, 207, 208, 300. See also public sector civil unrest, 106–107, 200, 201–202, 208, 212, 213, 234, 252–253, 298, 313, 322, 327 classical Greek thinking, 294 clinical inference, 281–282 clinical trials in medicine, 270–273 Clinton, Hillary, 283 cognition: and balance theory, 65–66; and bias, 90; cognitive dissonance, 55, 65–66; cognitive representations, 75, 78; cognitive shortcuts, 65, 77, 166; cognitive structures, 64–65; dynamics of, 10, 53; and emotion, 84–87; personal history and, 53 Cohen, David K., and colleagues, 159, 269 Cold War, 95, 96 Coleman, James S., 131–132, 147 colonialism, 19, 48–49, 249, 295, 301; anthropology and, 300; anticolonialism, 298; colonial revolution, 298; postcolonial societies, 49, 63, 232, 237, 250, 281, 297, 298 Columbia group on communication, 123 commerce, 6, 149, 295, 312; commercial revolution, 296. See also business leaders; corporations Committee of Concerned Journalists, 209 Commons, John R., 318 communication: informal, 149; and information , 74, 144–145; patterns of, 20; problems...