Evolution's Wedge: Competition and the Origins of Diversity

Table of Contents

Preface • ix 1 Discovery of a Unifying Principle • 1 A Brief History • 4 Detecting Character Displacement • 10 Phenomena Mistaken for Character Displacement • 14 What Constitutes Character Displacement? Conflation of Process and Pattern • 19 Reproductive Character Displacement versus Reinforcement • 20 Terminology • 21 Box 1.1: Alternative Manifestations of Character Displacement • 22 A Unifying Principle • 25 Box 1.2: Suggestions for Future Research • 26 Summary • 27 Further Reading • 27 2 Why Character Displacement Occurs • 29 Why Ecological Character Displacement Occurs • 30 Box 2.1: Alternative Models of Species Coexistence • 36 Box 2.2: Is Competitively Induced Plasticity Character Displacement? • 44 Why Reproductive Character Displacement Occurs • 48 Box 2.3: Suggestions for Future Research • 53 ContEnts Summary • 54 Further Reading • 54 3 When Character Displacement Occurs • 57 Facilitators of Character Displacement • 58 Variation in the Expression of Character Displacement • 65 How Ecological and Reproductive Character Displacement Facilitate Each Other • 69 How Ecological and Reproductive Character Displacement Can Impede Each Other • 77 Box 3.1: Suggestions for Future Research • 78 Summary • 78 Further Reading • 79 4 How Character Displacement Unfolds • 81 Mechanisms of Divergence • 82 Tempo and Mode of Character Displacement • 93 Summary • 102 Box 4.1: Suggestions for Future Research • 103 Further Reading • 104 5 Diversity and Novelty Within Species • 105 How Intraspecific Character Displacement Works • 106 Intraspecific Character Displacement: Observational Evidence • 108 Intraspecific Character Displacement: Experimental Evidence • 110 Evolution of Alternative Phenotypes • 111 Intraspecific Character Displacement and Species Diversity • 126 Character Displacement Within Versus Between Species • 129 Summary • 130 Box 5.1: Suggestions for Future Research • 131 Further Reading • 131 6 Ecological Consequences • 133 Evolution of the Niche • 134 Partitioning of Resources and Reproduction: A Reprise • 136 Box 6.1: Individual Variation and the Coexistence of Species • 139 Community Organization • 143 Character Displacement and Darwinian Extinction • 146 Species Distributions and Geographic Mosaics • 150 Character Displacement and Species Ranges • 151 Summary • 153 Box 6.2: Suggestions for Future Research • 154 Further Reading • 155 7 Sexual Selection • 157 How Sexual Selection Works • 159 How Character Displacement Affects Sexual Selection • 160 Implications of the Effects of Character Displacement on Sexual Selection • 168 How Sexual Selection Affects Character Displacement • 174 A Cautionary Note: Process Versus Pattern • 175 Box 7.1: Suggestions for Future Research • 176 Summary • 176 Further Reading • 177 8 Speciation • 179 What Are Species? • 179 How Are Species’ Boundaries Maintained? • 182 The Evolution of Isolating Mechanisms • 183 Box 8.1: Selection and the Evolution of Reproductive Isolation • 186 Character Displacement’s Role in Speciation • 189 Summary • 202 Box 8.2: Suggestions for Future Research • 203 Further Reading • 203 9 Macroevolution • 205 Competition in the Fossil Record • 207 Methods for Studying Macroevolution: Replaying the Tape of Life • 211 Adaptive Radiation • 213 Evolutionary Escalation • 224 Macroevolution: Red Queen or Court Jester? • 228 Summary • 229 Box 9.1: Suggestions for Future Research • 230 Further Reading • 230 10 Major Themes and Unsolved Problems • 233 Major Themes of the Book • 234 Some Unsolved Problems • 238 Summary • 242 References • 243 index • 291 ...