Evolution's Wedge: Competition and the Origins of Diversity

Index

291 acanthomorpha (spiny-finned fishes), 215f adaptation. See also specific topics local, 57, 68, 151, 153, 168–169, 188, 195, 202, 218 morph-specific, 197, 198f, 200 adaptive divergence, 14, 93, 94, 101 adaptive diversification, 213, 217 adaptive evolution, 46, 59, 90, 93, 102 adaptive landscape, 148. See also fitness landscape adaptive radiation, 206–207, 211, 213–214, 216–217. See also specific topics causes of, 213–214, 216–217 character displacement and, 217–219, 221– 224, 238, 240 competition and, 213–214, 216–217 competitively mediated selection and, 219, 220f defined, 213 different phases of, 220f, 223 divergent selection and, 221–222 early-burst model of, 222 ecological opportunity and, 212f, 213–214, 216–217, 220f, 222–223, 228–229, 235 examples of, 213 experimental approach for studying, 211, 212f how habitats conducive for character displacement may be crucibles of, 150 importance of, 213 key components of, 217, 219, 238 key innovations and, 214–216, 223 nature of, 213 replicated, 211, 212f of spiny-finned fishes, 215f agonistic character displacement, 25 allopatric speciation, 184f, 184–185, 190 alternative phenotypes. See phenotypes, alternative amensalism, 3t anole lizards, 42t, 73–75. See also Anolis sp. Anolis sp., 40, 41f, 101–102, 158f, 211, 213. See also anole lizards A. cooki, 73–74 A. cristatellus, 73–74 character displacement in, 16 divergence in sexual signals in, 158 ecomorphs of, 41f evidence of adaptive radiations in, 211, 212f, 213 habitat shifts in, 73–76 indEx 292 • i n d E x Anolis sp. (continued) phenotypic plasticity in, 42t, 101–102 resource partitioning in, 40, 41f size differences, 16 antagonistic genetic correlations defined, 65 affect on character displacement, 65 apparent competition, 15, 20 arthropods, disparity in modern vs. Cambrian forms, 223 Asellus aquaticus (freshwater isopod), 167 assortative mating by ecomorphs, 127, 199, 201–202 factors that may preclude evolution of, 199–200 bacteriophage ϕ6, evolution of host-range shift in, 111f Lambda, evolution of resource polymorphism in, 118t barnacles, 31, 34, 134–135 beak morphology, 70, 71f, 72, 75, 86, 102, 163f, 200 in finches, 6–7, 8f, 9, 11f, 70, 72, 72f, 86, 87f, 102, 113f, 120, 162 beetles, 2f. See also individual taxa diversity of, 1, 2f evidence of ecological character displacement in, 13f evidence of reproductive character displacement in, 9f giant rhinoceros, 59 horned, 123, 123f, 124t, 126 mating polymorphism in, 123, 123f, 124t, 126 benthic ecomorphs. See under ecomorphs biodiversity, 1. See also diversity competition and, x defined, 1 explaining, 1–2, 2f neutral theory of, 143 Blair, W. F., 20–21 body size, 16, 43f, 206f, 209f biotic and abiotic factors and, 229 character displacement and, 20, 22, 23f, 24, 73, 75, 100, 146, 147f, 209f, 226–227, 238, 240, 241 clades and, 227 competition and, 3, 32, 146, 226, 227 evolutionary escalation and, 225–227 increase over time, xii, 20, 22, 23f, 206f, 209f, 225–227 oxygen levels and, 241 reasons extant taxa are not at their maximum, 227 bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4), 86, 87f Bonner, J. t., 226 bottlenecks, 185 brachiopods, 209f Brown, W. L., 7, 9–10 Burmeistera, 51, 51f cadmium-tolerant vs. -intolerant flies, 110 call rates, in anurans, 171–172, 173f calmodulin (CaM), 86, 87f Calopteryx sp. C. splendens, 62f C. virgo, 62f Cambrian explosion, 241–242 Cambrian period, 213, 222, 223, 241–242 canalization, 83f, 100, 101 genetic, 82–83, 83f, 89, 91, 93–103 genetically canalized divergence, 82–89, 93–96, 97f character displacement, x–xii, 2. See also specific topics agonistic, 25 alternative manifestations of, 22–24, 23f alternative routes to, 58–59, 60f, 61, 63, 64, 138 as the “best of a bad situation,” 148 asymmetric, 66–67, 67f can produce different forms of trait evolution, 22–24, 23f, 234–235 community-wide, 218, 225, 227 conflation of process and pattern, 16, 19–21, 24, 70, 110, 175–176, 234 convergent, 20, 24, 45, 235 criteria for demonstrating, 16, 17t–18t, 90, 236 and darwinian extinction, 146–149 defined, 24 detecting, 10–14 developmental bases of, 82–84, 86–87, 87f, 90–91, 92f direct evidence of, 10, 11f discovery of, 4–10 i n d E x • 293 ecological, xi, 24. See also ecological character displacement ecological opportunity and, 63 evolution of, 10, 11f, 41, 43, 52, 94–98, 236. See also plasticity-first hypothesis forms of, 24–25. See also ecological character displacement; reproductive character displacement in the fossil record, 207,209f importance of, 4...