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????????????? 1. A pilgrim recites the Manas 4 2. Narrative framing in the Manas 25 3. The four ghats 27 4. Schema of Manas performance 40 5. Banaras: bathers 42 6. Copies of the epic on a harmonium 82 7. One hundred eight uniformed Brahmans chant the Manas 84 8. Shiva Narayan, the chief reciter at Gyan Vapi in 1982 87 9. Reciters at Gyan Vapi 88 10. Hanuman in a temple diorama 93 11. A tableau of Ram's crossing the Ganges 95 12. Two sadhus singing the Manas 98 13. Ramayan singers in a Banaras neighborhood 103 14. Baba Narayankant Tripathi discoursing to the faithful 114 15. The Tulsī - paramparā according to Anjaninandan Sharan 138 16. The dais and a section of the crowd at a kathā performance 162 17. Ramnarayan Shukla performing 168 ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????a ??? 19. Ramkinkar Upadhyay being greeted by Basant Kumar Birla and his wife 204 20. The crowd at one of Ramkinkar's annual pravacan programs 207 21. A living tableau of Ram and Sita 257 IX 181 x List of Illustrations 22. Ramltla masks and props 270 23. A procession of boys adorned as Ramltla svarups 280 24. The Kop Bhavan lila at Khojwan 287 25. A procession during the Ramnagar Camilla 295 26. Ramji Pandey leading the chanting at Ramnagar 303 27. The village schoolteacher Kamlakar Mishra, who serves as a Ramayani 304 28. The aged drummer Kailash 305 29. Adult players representing monkeys and bears 323 30. A giant puppet effigy representing Kumbhakaran 328 31. The Shivpur RamlTla grounds 338 32. A tableau of Ram, Sita, and Lakshman, with attendant deities 345 33. Women reciting the Manas during a public festival 394 270 ...

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