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American Poetry in Performance American Poetry in Performance from walt whitman to hip hop Tyler Hoffman The University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor First paperback edition 2013 Copyright © by the University of Michigan 2011 All rights reserved This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond the copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publisher. Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America c Printed on acid-free paper 2016 2015 2014 2013 5 4 3 2 A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hoffman, Tyler. American poetry in performance : from Walt Whitman to hip hop / Tyler Hoffman. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-472-11781-9 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Performance poetry—United States—History and criticism. 2. Oral interpretation of poetry. 3. American poetry—History and criticism. 4. American poetry—African American authors—History and criticism. 5. Poetry slams—United States—History. I. Title. pn4151.h64 2011 811—d 2011014824 isbn 978-0-472-03552-6 (pbk. : alk. paper) isbn 978-0-472-02963-1 (e-book) for my parents Donald Lee Hoffman and Nancy Jane Hoffman and my children Noah Joseph Hoffman Samuel Robert Hoffman Lili Dare Hoffman Acknowledgments Thanks to the following readers for their judiciousness: Howard Marchitello, Bill Pannapacker, Ken Price, and Michael Robertson. Thanks also to Stephen Cushman, Ed Folsom, and Jay Parini, for whose continuing support I am deeply grateful. I am indebted too to my colleagues in the Dean’s Of‹ce (you know who you are) for their company and encouragement as the project came to its conclusion, and to Lisa Zeidner, John Lafont , and Joe Rively for being there. My book is dedicated to those whom I owe the most. I also am extremely thankful to Phil Pochoda and Tom Dwyer at the University of Michigan Press for their belief in this project and stewardship of it. Finally, I wish to acknowledge support from the Rutgers University Research Council and extend my appreciation to the editors of Studies in American Humor, The Wallace Stevens Journal, and the Walt Whitman Quarterly Review in which versions of parts of the following chapters originally appeared. ...

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