Ambition, Competition, and Electoral Reform: The Politics of Congressional Elections Across Time

List of Tables

List of Tables 5.1 Factors Affecting Quality Challenger Emergence in House Elections, 1872–1944 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.2 Economic Conditions and Quality Challenger Emergence in House Elections, 1872–1912 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 5.3 Effect of the Direct Primary on Candidate Emergence in House Elections, 1872–1944 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.4 Challenger Quality and U.S. House Election Outcomes, 1872–1944 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 5.5 Effect of Candidate Quality on Congressional Elections, 1872–1944 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 5.6 Challenger Quality and U.S. House Election Outcomes, 1872–1944 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.7 Effect of Ballot Type and Candidate Quality on House Elections, 1872–1944 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 5.8 Electoral Reform and Party Unity . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 6.1 Estimating the “Direct” Effect of Incumbency in U.S. House Elections, 1872–1944 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 6.2 Estimating the “Scare Off” Effect of Incumbency, 1872– 1944 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 6.3 Ballot Reform and the Incumbency Advantage . . . . . 133 6.4 Estimating the Personal Vote, 1872–1900 . . . . . . . . 135 ...