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Contents Conventions xiii introduction: Environments, Environmental Ambiguities, and Literatures 1 Changing Environments 7 Environmental Ambiguity 9 Environments of Literature 13 Changing Environments of Literature 16 Ecoambiguity 26 one / Environmental Degradation and Literature in East Asia 32 Environmental Degradation in China 35 Chinese Literature and Environmental Degradation 41 Environmental Degradation in Preindustrial Korea and Japan 54 Environmental Degradation in Modern Japan 55 Japanese Literature and Environmental Degradation 61 Environmental Degradation in Modern Korea 74 Korean Literature and Environmental Degradation 77 Environmental Degradation in Taiwan 84 Taiwanese Literature and Environmental Degradation 88 Part i two / Accentuating Ambivalence 99 Ambivalence 102 Reconceptualizing Use 107 Suffering Worlds 108 Threatened Worlds 119 Disappearing Worlds 125 Protesting Protection 132 Navigating Disparate Attitudes 146 three / Underlining Uncertainty 156 Informational Ambiguity 160 The Unknown and Unknowable 164 xii contents Making Sense of Symptoms 169 Assessing Damage 175 Assessing Collateral Nonhuman Damage 184 Questioning Nonhuman Resilience 191 Ambiguous Futures 204 four / Capitalizing on Contradiction 214 Determining Cause, Assessing Accountability 216 Among People 216 Necessity and Accountability 225 Human, Nonhuman, or Both 231 Contradictions: Trading Off 237 Decreasing Human Numbers, Helping Environments 238 Increasing Human Numbers, Harming People and Environments 240 Helping Environments, Harming Environments 245 Assessing Assessments of Behaviors 258 Standards 259 Physical Standards 261 Social and Temporal Standards 274 Part ii five / Acquiescing 281 Myopia and Myopic Hyperopia 282 Accepting Environmental Degradation 291 Necessity, Compulsion, and Actively Damaging Environments 310 Denying Disavowals 318 Arresting Behaviors 323 six / Illusions and Delusions 328 Physically and Conceptually Manipulating Environments 335 Gaping Chasms 341 Signifying Indifference 347 Culture, Civilization, and Damaged Environments 357 seven / Green Paradoxes 380 Injurious Fascination 389 Admiring Ecosystems, Longing for Control 404 Green Hypocrisy 417 Notes 437 Works Cited 569 Index 645 ...

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