Classical Spies: American Archaeologists with the OSS in World War II Greece

Notes

Notes prologue 1. Several books by key players treated the Cicero affair, but none uncovered Caskey’s full role: Bazna 1962; Moysich 1950; Kahn 1978, 69, 345n; Rubin 1989; Heatts 1995, 48; Wires 1999; Breuer 1989, 176. 2. Lodwick 1947; Seligman 1996; Moss 1950; Myers 1955; Casson 1941; Hamson 1947; Hammond 1983; Fielding 1953, 1954; Parish 1993; Sweet-Escott 1965; Woodhouse 1948, 1976, 1982; Elliott 1991; Clive 1985; Grundon 2007; Waugh 1955; Hamson 1989; Byford-Jones 1945; Wallace 1982; Ward 1992; Windmill 2006. John Cook’s unpublished wartime memoir is housed at the British School at Athens. 3. Hinsley 1990; Howard 1990; Foot and Langley 1979; Murphy 2006; Gerolymatos 1992 and 2004; Rees 2003; Hawkes 1982; Hunt 1989; Sweet-Escott 1975; Cooper 1989; Beevor 1991; Haag 2004; Clogg 2000; Wylie 2007; Jakub 1999; GoulterZervoudakis 1998, 165–94; Foot 1992, 295–300. 4. Koliopoulos 1977; Malakasses 1980; Zannas 1964; Konstas 1955; Levides 1975; Paspati 2009. For Turkey, see Ozkan 2001. Ladas 2010 gives a ‹ctionalized account of the Levant Schooner Flotilla. 5. Vasilis Petrakos has investigated the work of the Greek Archaeological Service during the war and German occupation. At a colloquium, “Archaeology, Politics , and War: Italy, Greece, and Germany in World War II,”held at the 2010 AIA annual meeting, C. Jansen delivered“The German Archaeological Institute during the Age of Extremities: National Socialism, World War II, and Reconstruction under Democratic Auspices,” and G. Salmieri spoke on“Archaeology and Fascism in Italy: The Role of Institutions and the Emergence of Local Initiative.” Kahn 1978 and Breuer 1989 deal globally with German intelligence. 6. Ellen Kohler, interview by the author, May 2008. Also interview with Gareth Darbyshire, March 2009. 7. Journalist Vlanton investigated the Foreign Nationalities Branch of the OSS 323 (1982a, 31–84; 1982b (2) 36–104, (3) 65–132, (4) 63–110). David Price (2007) investigated the role of cultural anthropologists in intelligence services in southeast Asia during World War II, but no one has treated the archaeologists in the Mediterranean basin. chapter one 1. Hamilakis 2007, 169–204; Sakka 2002, 39; Hamilakis 2008; Markatou 2008; Mazower 2008; and Plantzos 2008. 2. German archaeologists had even in‹ltrated the hinterland of Corinth, which the Americans regarded as their own “turf.” G. P. Stevens to Louis Lord, February 14, 1940, Admin 804/2/6, ASCSA. 3. Young to “Old Horse” (Alison Frantz), no date, Agora Excavation Archives. Agora, Young, ASCSA. 4. Metaxas’s speech in Macris 1979, 343. Karamanos 1943 provides a different translation. Proclamation of the Prime Minister to the Greek People, October 28, 1940, no. 181, p. 15. Vatikhiotis 1998, 164–81. M 3-258-59. 5. For eyewitness accounts, see Homer Davis,“Greek War Relief and the Greek Spirit,”in H. Davis 1942, 27; Stowe 1942, 90–91; Archer 1944; and Casson 1941.All references to NARA are cited by NARA Record Group, entry, and folder with each separated by /. Young,“The War,” NARA 226/100/AD 2–9, 51–54. 6. Stowe 1942, 90–96. 7. Young to “Old Horse,” no date. 8. This account is based on numerous letters and administrative ‹les in the collection of the University Archives of the University of Cincinnati (UAUC), the Frantz Papers, Rare Books and Manuscripts Collection, Firestone Library, Princeton University (Frantz/PU), the University of Pennsylvania University Museum Archives (UPUMA), Bryn Mawr College, the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), the American School of Classical Studies at Athens (ASCSA), the National Archives Records Administration in College Park, MD (NARA) and the American Philosophical Society (APS). Meritt 1984, 1. Stevens to Lord, October 28, 1940. Shirley Weber to Lord, February 6, 1941, Admin 310/5/4, ASCSA. Young’s account of the Hymettus excavations is preserved in his notebooks in the ASCSA Archives and Young 1940. Langdon 1976, 1, accepts Young’s interpretations. 9. Hamilakis 2008; Sakka 2008, 111–24. The American Socony Vacuum Oil Company (later Standard Oil of New Jersey) funded several American excavations. Admin 804/1/ 8, ASCSA. 10. For four years Young and Vanderpool shared the same room at Princeton and before that at St. Paul’s School in New Hampshire. Their fathers and grandfathers had been friends and colleagues in Newark for decades. Young’s father was on the board of Vanderpool’s bank, and both were devout Episcopalians: Vanderpool ’s grandfather, Wynant, had been rector of Grace Church, and Young’s father was on the vestry of the Episcopal cathedral, Trinity Church. John Franklin“Pete”Daniel III of Berkeley worked brie›y at the...