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in Selected Works of Kim Jong-il (Kim Jong-il Seonjip), vol. 10 (Pyongyang: Joseon Rodongdang chulpansa, 1997), 116–60. 82. Ibid. 83. I thank John Feffer for bringing this detail to my attention. 84. Kim Il-sung, “Women Should Be Feminine,” Joseon Nyeoseong 5 (1989): 5. CHAPTER 6 1. Ministry of Uni‹cation, Republic of Korea, White Paper on Korean Uni‹cation (Seoul: Ministry of Uni‹cation, 2005) 109. 2. North Korea’s bureaucratic measures often interfere with tourism. For example , in the summer of 2005, the North Korean state abruptly postponed sales of the much-awaited Gaeseong tourist package for reasons related to the resignation of personnel from Hyundai-Asan Corporation, the South Korean investor and partner in the Geumgang Mountain project. Even though North Korean of‹cials to a degree abide by the rules of the market economy, some of the fundamental decisions they make seem to be driven by ideological motivations, which constantly interfere with conducting business in a competitive way. 3. The most controversial move the South Korean state has made regarding North Korean human rights violations was to abstain from voting for the United Nations resolution to condemn North Korea’s violation of human rights in 2005. 4. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: Vintage, 1991), 137. 5. Ibid., 136. 6. Peggy Phelan, Unmarked: The Politics of Performance (London: Routledge, 1996), 3. 7. Ibid., 6. 8. Dean MacCannell, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class (New York: Schocken, 1976), 2. 9. Even though economic hardships in the 1990s forced North Korea to seek to cooperate with the outside world, the country’s efforts to join the world market economy predate the 1990s. Dallen Timothy gives a comprehensive account North Korea’s invitations to potential foreign partners, which were attempts to revitalize its domestic economy. See Tourism and Political Boundaries (London: Routledge, 2001), 122. 10. There are far too many examples of revolutionary scenery to describe, and it is not an exaggeration to say that revolutionary landscaping has created and determined the spatial hierarchy in North Korea. The holiest site of all is Mansudae, the mausoleum of Kim Il-sung, where tourists visiting the capital city are required to pay their homage to the deceased founding father of North Korea. 11. Report by Korea Trade-Investment Promotion Agency (KOTRA), Stockholm branch. 12. Dennis Judd and Susan Fainstein, “City as Places to Play,” in The Tourist City, ed. Judd and Fainstein (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), 269. 13. Kate McGeown, “On Holiday in North Korea,” http://www.news.bbc.co .uk/1/hi/world/asia-paci‹c (accessed September 17, 2003). 14. The tourist spaces that North Korea opens up for South Koreans are different from those operated for others, in terms of location and rationale. Tourists 354 • Notes to Pages 256–65 who visit the Geumgang Mountain area are mostly South Koreans, because they are not granted access to urban tourist destinations such as Pyongyang or Baekdu Mountain, located at the far northern side of the Sino-Korean border. Thus, for South Koreans, North Korean urban space is a desired destination because of its inaccessibility . Thus, when it was announced that the city of Gaeseong would be opened to South Korean tourists, the phone lines at the Hyundai-Asan of‹ce were besieged with phone calls from South Koreans inquiring about the package. Similarly , the pilot tour package to Pyongyang, which was specially designed to enable South Koreans to attend the North Korean Arirang mass games, the quintessential North Korean performance with a hundred thousand performers coordinating their actions to stage synchronized card sections or seminal events in North Korean history , also attracted more applicants than the tour package could accommodate. The pilot tour of Pyongyang admitted ten delegations, each consisting of 150 tourists who stayed in a four-star hotel in Pyongyang for one night between October 4 and 15, 2005. Tourists of other nationalities, however, are granted a limited access to Pyongyang and other tourist destinations. Their travelogues are valuable accounts for learning about conditions in North Korean cities, even though these travelers are constantly under surveillance. 15. The Vladivostok branch of the KOTRA (September 21, 2004) report cites some Russian tourists from Khavarovsk who did not necessarily want to visit the late Kim Il-sung’s mausoleum to pay homage. 16. South Korean students who tour North Korea on ‹eld trips organized and sponsored by their schools are exceptions to...

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