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Tables 1.1. U.S. income growth rates, comparison of time periods 8 1.2. SigniAcant decline in U.S. economic growth 8 1.3. U.S. economic growth rates in last half of the twentieth century 9 1.4. State rankings for real income per capita growth, 1969–99 13 1.5. State rankings for real income per worker growth, 1969–99 17 1.6. State rankings based on real income per capita (in 2000 $) 18 1.7. State rankings based on real income per worker (in 2000 $) 20 2.1. Barro-type test for state income convergence, 1969–99 28 3.1. Core variables used to explain state income, 1969–99 34 3.2. Economic volatility measures by state, 1969–99 35 3.3. Correlation matrix for state volatility measures 36 3.4. Relationship between level and volatility of income, 1969–99 45 3.a1. Summary statistics and data sources 48 3.a2. Relationship between level and volatility of income, 1969–99 49 4.1. Major sources of state tax revenues: 1998 and changes since 1969 53 4.2. State personal income taxes: marginal and average tax rates, 1969–98 59 4.3. State sales taxes: marginal and average tax rates, 1969–98 60 4.4. Total state taxes: marginal and average tax rates, 1969–98 61 5.1. Impact of marginal tax rates on state income, 1969–98 68 5.2. Impact of marginal tax rates on state income growth, 1969–98 69 5.a1. Impact of marginal tax rates on state income, 1969–98 72 6.1. Volatility in revenues from sales taxes and individual income taxes, 1968–98 76 6.2. Revenue volatility from tax diversiAcation versus a single tax instrument, 1968–98 79 8.1. Core variables used to explain state government expenditures 105 8.2. Effects of Ascal institutions on state government expenditures per capita 106 8.3. Effects of Ascal institutions on state government expenditures as a share of income 107 8.4. Effects of Ascal institutions on state government revenues 113 8.5. Effects of Ascal institutions on state tax revenues 114 8.6. Effects of institutions and tax revenue volatility on state spending volatility 116 8.a1. Summary statistics and data sources 118 9.1. Political ideology ratings 129 9.2. Major budget components: regression results for core models with demographic and economics factors 130 9.3. Major budget components: regression results for expenditure volatility and Ascal institutions 131 9.4. Relative importance of ideology versus expenditure volatility: elasticity estimates 132 9.5. Relative importance of ideology versus expenditure volatility: impact on per capita spending of a 1 percent increase 132 9.6. Major budget components: regression results for Citizen and Government Political Ideology indices 134 9.a1. Summary statistics and data sources 137 xiv Tables ...

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