The Postcolonial State in Africa: Fifty Years of Independence, 1960–2010

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The Postcolonial State in Africa Fez Wau Oran Kano Casablanca Juba Djibouti Kampala Nairobi Lome Accra Aswan Cairo Abuja Lagos Porto Novo Mbeya Beira Rabat Dakar Kitwe Lubumbashi Luanda Bamako Ouagadougou Nema Kinshasa Brazzaville Asmera Port Sudan Douala Yaounde Bangui Bata Maseru Johannesburg Bissau Dar es Salaam Maputo Durban Pretoria El Fashir Agadez Niamey Zinder Kigali Bujumbura Harare Lusaka Tunis Berbera Algiers Abidjan Conakry Tripoli Al Jawf Kalemie Kananga Toliara Mombasa Nacala Moroni Banjul Mbabane Lilongwe Sao Tome Gaborone Ghardaia Lobito Luena Namibe Banghazi Tombouctou Faya-Largeau Monrovia La’youn Windhoek Lüderitz Khartoum Freetown Bulawayo Port Louis Kisangani Mahajanga Victoria Maiduguri N’Djamena Mogadishu Marrakesh Cape Town Tindouf Nouakchott Libreville Alexandria Constantine Tamanrasset Addis Ababa Pointe-Noire Saint Denis REUNION (FRANCE) Antananarivo Malabo Port Elizabeth Caspian Sea INDIAN OCEAN NORTH ATLANTIC Mediterranean Black Sea SOUTH ATLANTIC IRAN ALGERIA LIBYA MALI SUDAN CHAD NIGER EGYPT TURKEY SAUDI ARABIA FRANCE IRAQ SPAIN ETHIOPIA TANZANIA YEMEN ANGOLA NIGERIA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO SOUTH AFRICA NAMIBIA MAURITANIA ZAMBIA KENYA MOROCCO S. SUDAN MOZAMBIQUE BOTSWANA OMAN SOMALIA SOMALILAND SYRIA MADAGASCAR CAMEROON ZIMBABWE GABON GHANA GUINEA BURKINA FASO TUNISIA UGANDA CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC IVORY COAST SENEGAL CANARY ISLANDS (SPAIN) BENIN ERITREA PORTUGAL MALAWI CONGO LIBERIA TOGO WESTERN SAHARA (Under Moroccan Occupation) ITALY SIERRA LEONE BURUNDI RWANDA DJIBOUTI GUINEA BISSAU SWAZILAND LESOTHO CAPE VERDE MAURITIUS COMOROS SEYCHELLES SAO TOME & PRINCIPE Africa, 2012 The Postcolonial State in Africa Fifty Years of Independence, 1960–2010 crawford young The Unive r s it y of W is cons in Press The University of Wisconsin Press 1930 Monroe Street, 3rd Floor Madison, Wisconsin 53711-2059 uwpress.wisc.edu 3 Henrietta Street London WC2E 8LU, England eurospanbookstore.com Copyright © 2012 The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any format or by any means, digital, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, or conveyed via the Internet or a website without written permission of the University of Wisconsin Press, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles and reviews. Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Young, Crawford, 1931– The postcolonial state in Africa : fifty years of independence, 1960– 2010 / Crawford Young. p. cm. — (Africa and the diaspora: history, politics, culture) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-299-29144-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-299-29143-3 (e-book) 1. Africa—Politics and government—1960– 2. Africa—History—1960– 3. Postcolonialism—Africa. I. Title. II. Series: Africa and the diaspora. DT30.5.Y686 2012 960.3´2—dc23 2012015295 To Rebecca Young In Memoriam ...