Negotiating Empire: The Cultural Politics of Schools in Puerto Rico, 1898–1952

Index

Index access to public schools. See public school access Achilles, E. M., 120, 121 Acosta, José Julián, 30, 59, 61 Adams, David Wallace, 35 African Americans, 4, 34–36, 37, 134 African-descended peoples in Puerto Rico, 28, 29, 62, 63, 69; erasure of female teachers, 66, 67, 68; racial segregation, 62, 63, 69 Aguinaldo, Emilio, 42 Albizu Campos, Pedro, 127 Alonso, Manuel, El gíbaro, 31 Alvarez, Luisa Belinda, 160 Americanization: assimilation and, 7, 13, 14, 30, 35, 51; colonial policy and vision of, 5, 7–8, 10–14, 15, 21, 26–27, 106; colonial school system central to (see also education and the state), 14, 17, 27, 31, 44, 50–51, 56–57, 178–79; Puerto Rican advocates of, 94; resistance and negotiation of, 9, 11–13, 17, 19. See also “cultural politics” of colonial schools; US colonial period AMPR (Asociación de Maestros de Puerto Rico), 18, 32, 75, 78, 87–88; as a professional association, 88; certamen prize, 84–85; encouraging parentteacher cooperation, 85; founding of, 70–71; generational factors in, 69, 71, 76; leadership mostly male and elite, 71–72, 75, 112, 113; proposals to colonial commissioners, 70, 76. See also teachers AMPR literary contest (certamen), 84–85, 101, 115 Andreu, Isabel, 116 Anglo-Saxon/white supremacist ideology, 26, 36, 59 anticolonialists, 88, 89, 127, 146, 148, 195n37 Argentina, 8 Armstrong, Dr. Clairette P.: as a racial eugenicist, 120–21, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129–30, 133; study with E. M. Achilles and M. J. Sacks (see Armstrong study) Armstrong, Richard, 36 Armstrong, Samuel Chapman, 35–36 Armstrong study: anxiety over immigration and, 124, 132; conducted for the NY Chamber of Commerce, 217 Armstrong study (continued) 120–22, 128, 135–38; critical response to in Puerto Rico, 140–43; description of Puerto Ricans, 133–34; methodology and subjects, 129–31, 144–45; methods criticized, 144–49; racial classification and, 132–33; recommendations and conclusions, 131–35; tests used in, 131, 137, 144, 146–47 Army Individual Performance tests, 131, 137 Arroyo, María, 174–75 Asenjo, Federico, 61 assimilation, 7, 13, 14, 30, 35, 51. See also Americanization Ateneo Puertorriqueño, 61 Autonomic Charter (Carta Autonómica), 25 autonomy: movement for, 30, 63, 78, 86– 87, 89, 95. See also Jones Act Ayala, César, 92 Baldorioty de Castro, Román, 30, 61 Barceló Miller, María de Fátima, 116 Bary, Helen V., 106 Bederman, Gail, 65 Benítez Flores, M., 115–16 Bere, May, 143 Bernabe, Rafael, 92 Bird Arias, Jorge, 27 Brau, Salvador, 32–33, 48, 61, 66, 67 Brazil, 8 Briggs, Laura, 129 Brookings Institution, 128 Brumbaugh, Martin G., commissioner of education, 50, 53–55, 56 Brunet del Valle, Carlos, 85 Brunet del Valle, Lorenza, 16–17, 85, 116–17 Bureau of Education, 49, 52; as junta de educación, 49. See also Department of Education California Joint Immigration Committee, 126 Camp Las Casas, 98 Capetillo, Luisa, 93 capital, US Puerto Rico investments, 7, 25 Caribbean islands: in the Age of Revolution , 28; “colonial dependencies” must be stopped, 149; immigration from restricted, 126–27 Carlisle Indian Industrial School, 35, 55, 56 Carolina, 110 Castillo, Esteban, 167–68 Castro, Ernesto, 166–67 Castro, Jorge, 156–57 Cebollero, Pedro: assistant commissioner of education, 122, 140, 145; critical response to the Armstrong study, 140–42, 146–49; on the Puerto Rican diaspora vs. islander identity, 142–46 Cédula de Gracias (Decree of pardon), 28–29 Celestina. See Cordero, Celestina Celso Barbosa, José, 92 census records, racial classifications, 73, 79, 132–33 Chamber of Commerce, NY: immigration study (see Armstrong study); previous racial eugenics studies sponsored by, 125–26, 130; Special Committee on Immigration and Naturalization (CCSNY), 120–21, 122, 125 child delinquency, 82 child labor, 93 Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 40 citizenship, Puerto Rican: clarifying definition of, 20, 146–50; defining the citizen’s relation to the colonial state, 20, 94, 121, 176–77; evolution of colonial citizenship, 20, 91–92, 94, 95, 101, 184; immigration to US (see Puerto Rican diaspora); issue of US statehood vs. autonomy, 24, 92, 121–22, 125, 129; 218 Index US Jones Act granting (see also Jones Act), 7, 91–92. See also Puerto Rico, as a modern colonial state citizenship-building, 9–10, 19–20, 94, 96, 104, 122; literacy campaigns (see also literacy), 100, 101–3, 151, 180; and physical education (see also physical education), 106–8 Clark, Victor S., 27, 49 Coamo, fliers on progress, 4, 6 Código de Leyes Escolares...