Court of Remorse: Inside the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda

Notes

Notes Most of the information contained in this book comes from notes the author took while observing hearings before the tribunal for Rwanda and from the numerous formal and informal interviews of those in charge of the trials that he has conducted since 1997. Part of this information was published as the events unfolded, from 1997 to 2005, in articles available on the International Justice Tribune Web site, http:// www.justicetribune.com. Prologue 1. Excerpts from the hearings are generally a retranscription of notes taken by the author during the hearing and not a reproduction of the official ICTR transcripts. In some cases, however, the author used the official transcripts to complete his notes. 2. André Sibomana, Gardons l’espoir pour Rwanda: Entretiens avec Laure Guilbert and Hervé Deguine (Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1997), 166. 3. Telford Taylor, The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir (New York: Knopf, 1992), 4. Chapter 1. The Addis Ababa Departure Lounge 1. Le Monde, November 10, 1994. 2. The story of Froduald Karamira’s transfer to Kigali is based on three main sources of information: AP, AFP, and Reuters newswires; the remarkable interviews of Richard Goldstone, Gerald Gahima, and Filip Reyntjens conducted in 2002 and 2003 by Victor Peskin, professor of politics and global studies at Arizona State University, who very generously gave the author access to these interviews for this book (see also Victor A. Peskin, International Justice in Rwanda and the Balkans: Virtual Trials and the Struggle for State Cooperation [New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008]); and letters written in 1996 by prosecutor Richard Goldstone, Belgian lawyer Johann Scheers, and Kenyan lawyer Kennedy Ogetto. In addition to these sources are the author’s 177
interviews in 2000 with an ICTR investigator who met with and questioned Karamira in prison in Rwanda, as well as the documents and proceedings from the Rutaganda trial in February/March 1998. 3. Richard Goldstone, interview with Victor Peskin, April 2003. 4. Letter written by Richard Goldstone to Johan Scheers, July 10, 1996. 5. Goldstone, interview with Peskin, April 2003. 6. Gerald Gahima, interview with Victor Peskin, May 2002. 7. Goldstone, interview with Peskin, April 2003. 8. Filip Reyntjens, interview with Victor Peskin, December 2003. Chapter 2. The Eagle Eye 1. Carol Off, The Lion, the Fox and the Eagle (Toronto: Random House Canada, 2000), 284. 2. Ibid., 289. 3. Ibid., 11, 313. 4. UN Office of Internal Oversight Services, Audit and Investigation of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, A/51/789, February 6, 1997, 2, 22; see http:// www.docstoc.com/docs/6809477/A-51-789-UNITED-NATIONS. 5. AFP, February 27, 1997. 6. Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza, Rwanda: Le sang hutu, est-il rouge? Vérités cachées sur les massacres (Yaoundé, Cameroon, 1995), 307. 7. Statement made during a panel discussion at Coordination SUD, Paris, December 12, 1997. Chapter 3. At the First Judgment 1. André Sibomana, Hope for Rwanda (London: Pluto Press, 1999), 56. 2. This quote and subsequent quotes from Prosper are taken from the author’s interviews with Pierre-Richard Prosper in 1997, 1998, 2001, and 2004. 3. The 6 other states that voted against the Rome Statute were China, India, Israel, the Philippines, Turkey, and Sri Lanka; 21 countries abstained, and 120 voted in favor. Chapter 4. Lines of Defense 1. Michael Karnavas, “Rwanda’s Quest for Justice: National and International Efforts and Challenges,” The Champion, May 1997. 2. Author’s interview with Luc de Temmerman, August 25, 1997. 3. Ibid. 4. Author’s interview with John Philpot, Arusha, September 7, 1999. See also Living Marxism, no. 103, September 1997. 5. Ibid. 6. Alison Des Forges, interview by Arnaud Grellier, June 6, 2002; see http:// www.justicetribune.com. 178 N o t e s t o p a g e s 1 2 – 3 7 7. Jean-Marie Biju-Duval, in “Médias de la haine, crimes contre l’humanité et Génocide: Les occasions manquées,” a document prepared for the symposium “The Media and the Rwanda Genocide” at Carleton University’s School of Journalism, Ottawa, Canada, March 13, 2004. Chapter 5. The Fool’s Game 1. The account in this chapter is based primarily on documents filed by Jean Kambanda in his appeal case. The rest was reconstructed from the author’s interviews with prosecution investigators in charge of this case. The links between Bernard Muna and Oliver Michael Inglis...