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ix Acknowledgments The intellectual debts I have accrued during my decade of work on this book begin and end in the Philippines. I started this project as a Fulbright-Hays fellow at the Ateneo de Manila University in 1998 – 99, where my work was hosted by Fr. Bienvenido Nebres, SJ, Antonette Palma-Angeles, and Fr. Jose Cruz, SJ. During my daily commutes across Quezon City through hours of gridlocked traffic to the Ateneo campus, countless taxi drivers regaled me with tales of police corruption and offered insight into the city’s endless law enforcement intrigues. As these conversations led me to launch this research into the history of Philippine police, other observers shared knowledge hard won from a lifetime’s immersion in Manila’s politics. Attorney Arno Sanidad of the Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG) arranged for access to case records, as did ex-senator Jovito Salonga, whose assessment of the landmark Aberca v. Ver case is reflected in chapter 12. At the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, Sheila Coronel, now a professor at Columbia University’s School of Journalism, was generous in sharing her wealth of insight and contacts. In each of my periodic visits to Manila over the past thirty-five years, I have learned a great deal from conversations with Edilberto de Jesus about the country’s politics and from Melinda de Jesus about the workings of its media. During these research trips, Teresita Deles was enormously helpful in facilitating access to senior officials in the Philippine National Police and the National Bureau of Investigation. As the project reached back in time to cover two centuries of Philippine policing , Rose Mendoza retrieved Spanish colonial documents at the Philippine National Archives. At Ateneo’s wonderful Rizal Library, Mel Lopez and his daughter Miko Lopez assisted my research into postcolonial developments. At the city’s journal of record, The Philippine Daily Inquirer, the library staff was always accommodating , columnist Amando Doronila insightful about the country’s politics , and the paper’s founding publisher, Mrs. Eggy Apostol, inspirational in her unflinching integrity. More broadly, I am grateful to dedicated staff at research institutions across Manila—the Lopez Museum, the Philippine National Archives, the Laurel Presidential Library, and the Philippine National Library. In my Philippine research, I also incurred some more general intellectual debts. In particular, I am thankful to Rey Ileto for his friendship in years past, once driving me through the rural towns that ring Laguna de Bay and teaching me to read the subtle symbols of anticolonial resistance encoded in church iconography—lessons that I tried to keep in mind as I focused on the other side of the colonial equation. Back in the United States, this project became, at times, more detective work than broad historical research, forcing me to find some very particular data. In these painstaking searches, I was well served by dedicated research associates at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Ellen Jarosz compiled the data on career patterns in chapter 2. Joshua Gedacht made periodic research forays to Washington, using his impressive investigative skills to locate elusive archival documents. Yosef Djakababa reviewed the sources throughout with extraordinary assiduousness. Ruth de Llobet took time from her own research in Spain to find documents on the Spanish colonial police. A graduate student in Southeast Asian studies, Maj. Christopher O’Brien, a veteran of Operation Enduring Freedom–Philippines, gave chapter 16 a critical reading that forced me to both clarify and correct my analysis. History graduate student Melissa Anderson took time from her parallel study of French colonial police in Vietnam to give the near final manuscript a thoughtful review. At the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where I did much of this research, I have also benefited from the professionalism and generous support of many dedicated librarians, including Nancy Mulhern, documents specialist at the venerable Wisconsin Historical Society; Judy Tuohy in Inter-Library Loan at Memorial Library; and the Southeast Asian bibliographer at Memorial, Larry Ashmun. Elsewhere in the United States, a history graduate student, Jose Amiel Angeles, did painstaking research into the Philippines Constabulary papers at University of Oregon Library, while another young scholar, Chris Bray, spent a week in close study of Senator Jack Tenney’s voluminous oral history at the UCLA Library. At the Special Collections Library, University of Michigan, librarian Kathryn Beam was enormously helpful, assuring maximum yield from several short visits to Ann Arbor squeezed between teaching days in Madison. Elsewhere in Michigan, the editors of Critical...

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