Shaping Science and Technology Policy: The Next Generation of Research

Index

Absorbtive capacity of firms, 175 Administrative Procedures Act (APA), 103 African-American community, genetics research, 277–79, 285–86, 288–90 Agglomeration, small-business innovation , 78–79, 85–87, 90–92 Akami Technologies, 249–50 Altruism, genetic donation and, 301–2 Anomalies, scientific: deliberation as response to, 136–41, 142; effects on science , 125–27, 134–38, 141–42; policy and, 124–27, 134–42; public opinion and, 134, 135–36 Arndt, Rudolph, 131 Arndt-Schultz law, 131 Autonomous science, public research and, 11–12 Autonomy, patient, 291, 294–96, 303, 304–7 Bayh-Dole Act, 9, 60–74 Bell Company, 257–59 Beneficial hormesis, 130–31 Benveniste affair, 143n.5 Biobanking: in Great Britain, 292–94; informed consent and, 294–303, 304– 7; in U.S., 294 Bioethics, ethics advisory committees, 14 Biotech Patent Directive, 339 Breastcancer(BRCA)genetesting,334–35 Business services, small business innovation , 84, 86, 89, 91 Bus systems, 219–21; and rapid transit, 222, 224–27 Cable industry, open access debate, 247–48 Calebrese, Edward, 127, 134–35, 143n.1 Chemical hormesis, 124–25, 127–34 Chevron v. NRDC, 104 Chloroform drinking water standard, EPA, 104–11 Christian ethics: reproductive technologies and, 318 Citations measuring innovation, 78 Cohen-Boyer technique licensing, 69 Colombia University, Research Corporation at, 58–59 Commercialization of research, 19 Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP), 43–45 Communications technology policy, historical development of, 257–62 Communities of Color and Genetics Policy Project , 276, 279–90 Communities of practice, 219–21 Community consent, 299–300 Competition:international,184–85;new technology development and, 257– 61, 263–69 Competitive local exchange companies, 260 Computer equipment industry, U.S., 173–74, 180–87 365  Cotransformation process, Richard Axel’s, 69 Courier networks, ancient, 236–38 Courts, federal regulatory policy and, 103–4, 111, 115, 119 Daubert v. Merrill Dow Pharmaceuticals , 104, 113 De facto standard setting, 201 Defined investment goals, federal research , 37–50 De jure standard setting, 201 Deliberative response to anomalies: adversary-proceeding approach and, 139–40; benefits of, 136–38, 142; working groups and, 139 Democratic representation: and ethics advisory committees, 11, 12–16, 19–28; federal science policy and, 10–28; scientific anomalies and, 137–38, 141, 142; standards setting and, 207–8, 211–13; science policy and, 11, 13–16, 19–20 Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) patent policy , 62–63 Disclosure, informed consent and, 295 Diversification, federal research, 35–37, 41–42 Divestment of telecommunications, 259–60 Donations, genetic: as duty, 303–6; as gifts, 303–6; informed consent and, 301–6; motivations for, 301–6 Dose-response models, carcinogenicity, 106–7 Earmarks, federal: effects on research, 160–64, 168–69; interest group politics, 18; and research funding, 150–54, 157–60 Economic development policy, small business innovation, 92–93 Economic growth: small business contribution to, 79; universities’ contribution to, 56–58 Education, genetics technology, 286, 289 Embryonenschutzgesetz (ESchG), 312, 317–22 Embryo research: British legislation on, 322–26; German legislation on, 317– 22, 325–26 Employment, high tech: small business innovation and, 84 Employment, industry: small business innovation and, 88–89 End-system networks, 241–43, 244 End-to-end networks, 234, 239–52, 261 Enlightenment, the, 313–14 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 99–100, 104–19 Epidemiological evidence, 107–11 Ethics advisory committees: democratic representation and, 11, 12–16, 19– 28; setting research agenda, 20–28 EU Directive on Legal Protection of Biological Invention (Biotech Patent Derivative), 339 Experimental Program to Stimulate CompetitiveResearch(EPSCoR), 150; effects on research, 164; research funding, 150–51, 154–60, 164–68 Expertscientificpanels,objectivityof,117 Expertise, technological: standards setting , 211–12 Exports, innovation and, 175, 176, 179, 186 Federal R&D. See Public R&D Federal R&D funding: distribution of, 149–59,168–69;regionalconcentration of, 149–52 Federal R&D portfolio, 8, 33–50 Federal regulatory policy, science and, 113–14 Foreign R&D and domestic innovation, 173–81 Gene patenting, EU policy on, 339–43 Genetic donations: as duty, 303–6; as 366 Index gifts, 303–6; informed consent and, 301–6; motivations for, 301–6 Genetic epidemiology: in Great Britain, 292–94; informed consent and, 294– 303, 304–7; in U.S., 294 Genetic information, exceptional nature of, 295–96 Genetics research, population-based: in Great Britain, 292–94; informed consent and, 294–303, 304–7; in U.S., 294 Genetics research policy, minority communities and, 276–79, 285–90 Gene Trust, 294 Geographic proximity, small business innovation , 82–85 Geography: and...