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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 CHAPTER 1: ThE CONSTITUTIONAL IMPERATIVE 9 The Genesis of Taxation 12 The First American Reaction 14 Debate in the House of Commons 16 The English Connection 21 CHAPTER 2: ThE OTHER TAXES 25 The Sugar Act 28 The Townshend Duties 29 The Tea Tax 31 CHAPTER 3: ThE INTERNAL-EXTERNAL CRITERION 33 The Usage of "Internal" 34 The Doctrine of Innovations 40 CHAPTER 4: ThE ThADE REGULATION CRITERION 44 The Dickinson Distinction 45 Application of the Criterion 47 The Utility of the Criterion 49 CHAPTER 5: ThE SECOND ORIGINAL CONTRACT 53 The Original Contract 55 vii viii CONTENTS The Settlement Contract 60 The Settlement Debt 63 CHAPTER 6: ThE IMPERIAL CONTRACT 65 Defenses of Law 67 Defenses of Fact 71 The Question of the Benefit 73 CHAPTER 7: ThE COMMERCIAL CONTRACT 75 The Benefit Conferred 76 The Detriment Suffered 78 The Subrogate Tax 78 The Imperial Answer 80 CHAPTER 8: ThE TAXATION-LEGISLATION DICHOTOMY 85 The Taxation-Representation Connection 87 The Irish Analogy Explanation 89 The Constitutional Explanation 91 The Constitutional Theory 93 CHAPTER 9: ThE DEFENSE OF CHARTER 97 The Wording of Charter 98 The Limits of Charter 102 CHAPTER 10: ThE DOCTRINE OF CONSENT TO TAXATION 105 A Constitutional Dogma 106 CHAPTER 11: ThE STATUS OF THE DOCTRINE 111 Specificity of the Doctrine 115 Denial of the Doctrine 118 CHAPTER 12: ThEORY OF PRECEDENT 122 Function of Precedent 123 Uses of Precedent 126 Creation of Precedent 128 Danger of Precedent 130 Avoidance of Precedent 132 CHAPTER 13: HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF THE DOCTRINE 135 Before the Stuarts 137 The Thdors and the Stuarts 139 The Doctrine in the Seventeenth-Century Colonies 141 The Doctrine in the Eighteenth-Century Colonies 144 CHAPTER 14: ThE AUTHORITY OF ANALOGY 147 Theory of Analogy 149 Evidence from Past Analogies 150 Evidence from Current Analogies 153 CHAPTER 15: PRECEDENTS FOR TAXATION 158 Relevance of Precedents 159 CONTENTS Legislation of Charles II 162 The First Sugar Act 166 The Greenwich Hospital Tax 170 Post Office Revenue 171 American Perception of the Postal Precedent 174 Weighing the Precedents 178 CHAPTER 16: DOCTRINE OF CUSTOM 181 Authority of Custom 183 Proof of Custom 186 The American Argument 189 Conclusion 192 CHAPTER 17: ISSUE OF THE SUGAR ACT 194 Perceptions of the Sugar Act 196 The Commercial Objections 200 Constitutional Objections 202 CHAPTER 18: ISSUE OF THE STAMP ACT 208 Nonconstitutional Objections 211 Parliamentary Perceptions 213 Stamp Act Grievances 215 CHAPTER 19: ISSUE OF THE TOWNSHEND DUTIES 217 Use of the Revenue 219 The Revenue Grievance 221 CHAPTER 20: ISSUE OF THE ThA ACT 223 Repeal of the Townshend Duties 225 Secondary Issues of the Tea Act 227 Nontax Constitutional Issues 229 British Apprehensions 231 American Objections 232 CHAPTER 21: PROPOSED CONSTITUTIONAL SOLUTIONS 234 Flawed Proposals 236 Solutions of Equality 238 The Customary Solution 242 Requisitions by Consent 244 CHAPTER 22: ThE ADMINISTRATION's SOLUTION 247 Lord North's Proposal 250 The Plan Supported 253 British Opposition 255 American Reaction 257 Subsequent Proposals 259 CHAPTER 23: ThE BRITISH PERSPECTIVE 262 The Danger of Concession 264 ix x CONTENTS The Imperialist Mean 265 The Imperial Extreme 267 The Opposition Perception 268 CHAPTER 24: ThE AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE 271 The American Right 273 CHAPTER 25: THE SHARED PERSPECTIVE 275 The Shared Language and History 276 CHAPTER 26: CONCLUSION 280 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 287 SHORT TITLES 289 NOTES 343 INDEX 405 CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION ...

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