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Notes Chapter 1 1 Terminological difficulties arise from the change in the name of the country from Congo to Zaire in 1971, from changes in the names of provinces and cities, and from the requirement, in 1971, that persons drop their Christian forenames in favor ofZairian postnames. We will use names current in the early 1980s, and where identity requires clarification we will indicate former names ofpersons and places upon first mention ofthe current name. 2 For a perceptive analysis ofTshibumba and other urban folk artists, see Ilona Szombati-Fabian and Johannes Fabian, "Art, History, and Society: Popular Art in Shaba, Zaire," Studies in the Anthropology ofVisual Communication 3 (1976). Johannes Fabian recorded twenty-five hours of interviews with Tshibumba in Swahili, in which the artist explains his own understanding ofhis paintings. 3 Fabian and Fabian, "Art, History, and Society," p. 15. 4 Alexandre Passerin d'Entreves, The Notion of the State (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967). 5 Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation ofNational States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975); see especially Tilly's introductory essay, pp. 3-83. 6 Sheldon S. Wolin, Politics and Vision (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1960), pp. 265-266. 7 Shlomo Avineri, Hegel's Theory of the Modern State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972). This concept ofthe state is expressed in the Philosophy ofRight. In the Phenomenology ofMind the state is a slightly less exalted idea. There the state is represented as "objective mind," which makes possible the pursuit ofthe "absolute mind" (philosophy, art, and religion). 8 In their 1848 Manifesto ofthe Communist Party. This, ofcourse, is not the only concept of state encountered in Marx. In The Class Struggles in France (1850) and The Eighteenth Brumaire ofLouis Bonaparte (1852) the state appears as an autonomous mechanism regulating conflict in a crisis situation where no class enjoys clear hegemony. In The Civil War in France (187l) andA Critique ofthe Gotha Program (1875), Marx analyzes the nature ofthe state in the transition to socialism. One Marxist scholar, Bob Jessop, identifies six different usages ofthe 4-09 410 Notes to Pages 9 - II state concept in Marx: "Recent Theories of the Capitalist State," Cambridge Journal ofEconomics 1, no. 1 (1977): 353-373. 9 In "Politics as a Vocation," reprinted in H. C. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, eds., From Max Weber (New York: Oxford University Press, 1958), p. 78. 10 Woodrow Wilson, The State (1898; Boston: D. C. Heath, 1918). 11 R. M. MacIver, The Modern State (1926; London: Oxford University Press, 1964), p. 22. 12 Arthur F. Bentley, The Process ofGovernment (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1908). 13 David Easton, A Systems Analysis of Political Life (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1965). 14 Theodore J. Lowi, The End ofLiberalism (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969). 15 Leon N. Lindberg, ed., Stress and Contradiction in Modern Capitalism: Public Policy and the Theory ofthe State (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1975). See also the special issue on "The State," Daedalus 108, no. 4 (Fall 1979); J. P. Nettl, "The State as a Conceptual Variable," World Politics 20, no. 4 (1968): 559-592; Robert Solo, "The Need for a Theory of the State," Journal ofEconomic Issues 11, no. 2 (June 1977): 379-385. 16 David A. Gold, Clarence Y. H. La, and Erik Olin Wright, "Recent Developments in Marxist Theories of the Capitalist State," Monthly Review 17, no. 5 (October 1975): 29-43, and 17, no. 6 (November 1975): 36-51; Bob Jessop, The Capitalist State: Marxist Theories and Methods (New York: New York University Press, 1982). 17 Ralph Miliband, The State in Capitalist Society (London: Camelot Press, 1969). Miliband is generally labelled an "instrumentalist." 18 Nicos Poulantzas, State, Power, Socialism (London: NLB, 1978). Poulantzas is probably the most influential member of the "relative autonomy" school, and reflects the French "structuralist" school ofMarxism. His rejection of "historicism " and "empiricism" makes his paradigm singularly abstract; it is striking that, though Poulantzas is widely cited by those examining the Third World state, no author, to our knowledge, has endeavored to apply his conceptual system as a whole. 19 Claus Otfe, "Political Authority and Class Structure: An Analysis ofLate Capitalist Societies," International Journal of Sociology 2, no. 1 (Spring 1972): 73-108; James O'Connor, The Fiscal Crisis ofthe State (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1973). 20 See the valuable theoretical discussions in Alfred Stepan, The State and Society: Peru in Comparative Perspective (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974); Jean-FranLtF,no. 6 (1978),p. 34. 49 Vwakyanakazi, "Traders in Butembo...