The Vegetation of Wisconsin: An Ordination of Plant Communities

Contents

Contents Part 1 BACKGROUND Introduction Flora 2 Environment 3 Plant communities and their distribution ,1 Vegetation study methods Part 2 SOUTHERN FORESTS 5 Southern forests-general (j Sou thern forests- mesic 7 Southern forests-xeric 8 Southern forests-lowland Part 3 NORTHERN FORESTS 9 Northern forests- general ]0 Northern forest-mesic Copyrighted Material 3 7 2,) 49 63 R7 103 132 156 Vlll CONTENTS 11 Northern forests-xeric 12 Northern forests-lowland 13 Boreal forest Part 4 GRASSLANDS 1, 1 Prairie 15 Sand barrens and bracken-grassland Part 5 SAVANN;\ AND SH RUB CO 1\'1 l'v[ U NIT 1ES 16 Savanna 17 Tall shrub communities Part (i LESSER C01\fMUNITIES 18 Fen, meadow, and bog 19 i'\quatic communities 20 Beach, dune, and cliff communities 21 Vleed communities Part 7 THE VEGETATION AS A WHOLE PostglaciaI history The effect of man 011 the vegcta lion Interrelations 0[ communities APPENDIX Tables for Chapter 4 Table for Chapter 5 Figures and ta bles for Cha pteI' G Figures and tables for Chapter 7 Figures and tables for Chapter 8 Copyrighted Material 202 221 243 261 308 325 352 361 385 402 412 437 456 ,176 515 519 519 522 528 Figures and tables [or Ch;lptcr 10 figurcs and tables for Chapter II Figures and tables for Ch;lpter 12 Figures and tables for Chapter 13 Figures and tables (or Chapter l! Figures and tables [or Chapter 15 Figures and tables lor Chapter 16 Figures and tables for Ch;lptcr 17 Figures and tables for Chapter 18 Figures and tables for Cilapter 19 Figures and tables for Chapter 20 Figure and tables for Chapter 21 Figure for Chapter 22 Glossary, 599 Bibliography, 60'! Species list, 633 Inde\:,645 Copyrighted Material CONTENTS 1\: 5J I 548 552 562 566 575 578 58-! 587 590 5% Illustrations LIST OF PLA TES following page 92 Residual soil over limestone 2 Varying thickness of loess blanket 3 Colony of Dutchman's breeches (Dicentra cllcullaria) 4 Spring-beauty (Claytonia virginica) 5 Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadl'nsis) 6 Hepatica (Hepatica acutiloba) 7 Southern mesic forest in midsummer 8 Southern mesic forest in early spring 9 Circle of basswood trunks 10 Wyalusing Scientific Area following page 158 II White and black oak forest 12 Red oak forest 13 Open-grown oak 14 Southern lowland forest in dry spring 15 Flooded southern lowland forest 16 Summer view of forest 17 Hemlock forest 18 Mature white pine-red pine forest following page 208 19 Young stand of mixea jack pine and red pine 20 Mature stand of red pine 21 Second-growth stand of aspen, white birch, and red oak 22 Bunchberry (Comus canadensis) following page 234 23 Tamarack (Larix laricina) and black spruce (Picea mariana) 24 Interior of northern wet-mesic forest 25 Bog mat at Devil's Track Lake (1940) 26 Devil's Track Lake (1957) following page 246 27 Mature stand of white spruce and balsam fir at Bailey's Harbor 28 Young stand under mature aspens 29 Intermediate stand of spruce and fir at High Lake Scientific Area 30 Young stand under maturing jack pine following page 276 31 Dry prairie on steep hillside 32 Dry prairie landscape 33 Pasque flower (Anemone patens) 34 Compass plant (Silphium laciniatum ) Copyrighted Material following page 292 ~5 View of mesic prairie with compass plant 36 Big bluestem (A ndropogon gerardi) along path 37 Moss hummocks 38 Desert pavement Witll hudsonia (Hudsonia tomentosa) 39 View of blowout·10 Exposed roots of grass 41 Hudsonia in stabilized area 42 Bracken-grassland following page 356 43 Oak opening 14 Bur oak grub 45 Pine barrens 46 Cedar glade 47 Dense cedar glade·18 Creeping juniper (Juniperus horizontalis ) 19 Southern sedge meadow ')0 Hummocks in a grazed meadow LIST OF FIGURES I Range maps, legume species, 17 2 Range maps, orchid species, 17 ,\ Range maps, groups of species, 18 I Range maps, boundaries for groups of species, 19 " Tension zone (indicated on county map),20 6 Climatic isorithms at tension zone, 36 7 Wyalusing maps, 89 H Red oak on southern upland continuum , 96 9 Other tree species of southern uplands , 97 I () Tree curves, combined southern ordination, 99 II Tree curves, bimodal distributions, 100 12 Curves for major tree species on combined ordination, northern forest , 180 13 Curves for lesser tree species on combined ordination, northern forest , 181...