In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:

Tsugaruishi tfftE Kuwagasaki MIYAKO MiyakoBay Tsugaruishi Typical north in left map; orientation and scale vary Approximate north in detail at right \ The south end of Miyako Bay, 7 km from Kuwagasaki, flanked Edo-period villages near the mouth of a river known for its salmon. The largest village, Tsugaruishi, adjoined the river 1 km upstream from the bay. Moriai-ke "Nikki kakitome eM;' a Tsugaruishi family's notebook for the years 1696-1703, mentions the 1700 tsunami as high water that swept away houses along the bayshore, went inland to Inarinoshita and Kubota Crossing, and reportedly caused a related fire in Kuwagasaki. "Nikki" further states that there was no accompanying earthquake. UPPER VIEWS from the 1739 map of Miyako-dori (unfolding, p.44). Scale varies from place to place on the map, as does perspective shown by brown rooftops and red shrine gates (additional examples, p. 36, 56). Entries about Heavy snow Tsunami (p. 52) Both events misdated by exactly one month (p. 53) 50 THE ORPHAN TSUNAMI OF 1700 Main points High water at the south end of Miyako Bay washed away houses and entered Tsugaruishi village, 1 km inland. The same event set off a fire that burned "about 21 houses" in Kuwagasaki (p. 52; compare p. 39, col. 3). The flooding happened without an earthquake (p. 54). The water went upvalley to "Kubota Crossing"-perhaps as far as did the 1960 Chile tsunami, which ran 2 km inland from the south shore of Miyako Bay. Therefore the 1700 tsunami may have attained heights like those of the 1960 tsunami-about 5 m at the bayshore (p. 56-57). The Tsugaruishi account originated with a merchant family that built a local financial empire in the 18th century (p. 53). Setting Tsugaruishi village, today as in 1700, occupies alluvial fans 1 km south of Miyako Bay. East of the village a farmed plain extends northward to a pine-covered beach ridge near Akamae. Pines also bordered this part of Miyako Bay in 1739 (detail, opposite; mapped also on p. 56). Edo-period Tsugaruishi belonged to the Miyako district of Morioka-han (p. 44). In the 1680s the village contained 183 houses-about 100 fewer than Kuwagasaki. Other tsunamis Tsunamis from earthquakes along the coast of northeast Honshu took lives at the south end of Miyako Bay in 1611, 1896, and 1933. A lesser near-source tsunami in 1677 swept away 13 houses in Kanahama and ten houses in Akamae while damaging 70 hectares of rice paddies near Tsugaruishi. The 1960 Chile tsunami resonated in Miyako Bay. Just 2 m high along the Pacific coast, the waves rose inside the bay and crested about 5 m high at its south end (p. 55). From there the waters ran past Norinowaki and Tsugaruishi to a limit 2 km inland (p. 56). Documents Earthquake researchers learned of the 1700 tsunami in Tsugaruishi through a 1983 transcription by a noted regional historian, Mori Kahei. In 1993 they quoted this transcription in the earthquake anthology "Shinshu Nihon jishin shiry6" (p. 62, 123). In 2004 we viewed Mori's source document in the home of the Moriai family of Tsugaruishi (home interior, p. 53). That source is a Moriai family notebook for the years 16961703 (opposite). Because of a copyist's error, the notebook dates both the orphan tsunami and a subsequent snowstorm exactly one month early (p. 52-53) THE 17TH-CENTURY STATISTICS on Tsugaruishi can be found in Iwamoto (1970, p. 11) and Takeuchi (1985a, p. 507). MORl KAHEI reviewed accounts of tsunamis of northeasternmost Honshu (Mori, 1983. p. 155-175). His transcription of the "Nikki" account (p. 161) contains a small error in transcribing "Norinowaki" (footnote, p. 52). For the quote in "Shinshii." see Tokyo Daigaku Jishin Kenkyiisho (1993. p. 146). Morioka-han o HONSHU 0 o o 500 km I ! I I o Known site of 1700 Cascadia tsunami ........ . . N t Kuwagasaki o MIYAKO 0 Miyako Bay Tsugaruishi ~6 ............... Kanahama .......... Norillowaki 600· ···· Akamae o 5 km NOTABLE TSUNAMIS IN TSUGARUISHI SINCE 1600 g? 10 UJ ~ UJ ~ ~ 5 I 1611 1700 Cascadia 1960 Chile 1 1952 Kamchatka·~ • j 1896 I . 111968 ~I CJ LLi I 0 1600 1677 1700 1800 YEAR A.D. 1900 Height along shore at south end of Miyako Bay Tsunami generated near Honshu Tsunami from distant source Range of estimates or measurements 1960 CHILE TSUNAMI 2000 Miyako Bay Flooded fields Pines along shore near Akamae THE GRAPHED HEIGHTS of the 1952 and later tsunamis were measured soon after...

Share