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notes introduction 1. Sacramento’s Chinese Directory (Sacramento: Chinese Publishing House, circa 1960), 6–9; Sacramento City Directory, 1960 (Los Angeles: Sacramento Directory Company, 1961), 120–21. 2. Fine Food, Wonder Food, Broderick, Freeway, State Fair, General, El Camino Super, and Elgen. Only seven stores were members of the Famous Food Markets at any time. 3. In this study, “Northern California” is the region from Stockton northward. The major Chinese American supermarkets were located in Sacramento, Stockton, and the Sacramento Valley. There were numerous operations in the central and southern San Joaquin Valley and along the coast south of San Francisco, but they were not as predominant. 4. Rose Hum Lee, The Chinese in the United States of America (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1960), 252–53. 5. S. W. Kung, Chinese in American Life: Some Aspects of Their History, Status, Problems, and Contributions (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1962), 184. 6. See SN [Supermarket News] 1978, Distribution Study of Grocery Store Sales, which states, “Note: Figures on grocery store numbers and market share are supplied by many newspaper organizations. Data may not be comparable from year to year due to differences in market area definitions or in methods of compilation. Reported sales shares are estimated by reporting sources. Methods of compilation vary, from formal surveys to checks with food representatives, brokers, other local sources or reflecting informed opinion. In some instances, as noted, percentages reflect place of most frequentpurchase ,asreportedbyconsumers,ratherthandollarvolume”and“Thisreport is presented as a convenient summary of the best available information on grocery store business in each market area. Supermarket News assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of figures supplied by reporting sources.” 167 1 / supermarkets 1. Frank J. Charvat, Supermarketing (New York: Macmillan Company, 1961), 7–8, 14, 189–90; Randolph McAusland, Supermarkets, 50 Years of Progress (Washington, D.C.: Food Marketing Institute, 1980), 5; Hugh S. Peak and Ellen F. Peak, Supermarket Merchandising and Management (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1977), 7–9; “A supermarketisadepartmentalizedretailfoodstorehavingfourbasicfooddepartments— self-service groceries, meat, produce, and dairy—plus any number of other departments , with the establishment doing a minimum yearly volume of $500,000 [est. 1954]” (Charvat, 7). 2. McAusland, 5. 3. Ibid. 4. Charvat, 18. 5. Charvat, 7–8, 15; J. Tevere MacFadyen, “The Rise of the Supermarket,” American Heritage, vol. 36, no. 6 (October/November 1985): 27. 6. Charvat, 15–17. 7. McAusland, 10, 11, 13. 8. Peak, 16. Cost-effectiveness: producing optimum results for the expenditure. 9. McAusland, 22. 10. Charvat, 196–97. The definitions of a supermarket and chain operation varied somewhat, depending on the publication and the period of time. The 37th Annual Report of the Grocery Industry, supplement to the Progressive Grocer, April 1970 (New York: Progressive Grocer, 1970), gives these definitions: Supermarket: any store, chain, or independent doing $500,000 or more per year. Superette: any store doing from $150,000 to $500,000 a year. Small Store: any store doing less than $150,000 a year. Independent: an operator of 10 or fewer retail stores. Chain: an operator of 11 or more retail stores. Cooperative Retailers: retailers (generally independents) who are stockholder members of cooperative wholesale buying groups, such as Certified Grocers, Associated Grocers. Voluntary Group Retailers: retailers who belong to voluntary merchandising groups sponsored by wholesalers and who operate under a common name such as IGA, Red & White, Spartan, Super Valu, Clover Farm. The SN [Supermarket News] 1982, Distribution Study of Grocery Store Sales gives these definitions: Supermarket: A complete, departmentalized grocery store with minimum annual sales of $1,000,000. 168 • Notes to Pages 17–20 Chain: A company which operates four or more stores in total. A chain store unit is a store operated by such a company. Independent: A firm which operates from one to three stores. Unaffiliated independent: Operator of from one to three stores having no affiliations with any organization and buying entirely from wholesalers or suppliers on an independent basis. Cooperative: Independent grocers who jointly own and operate their own wholesale organization. Voluntary: A group of independent grocery stores jointly sponsored by an independent wholesaler. The SN [Supermarket News] Distribution Study of Grocery Store Sales, 1990 (New York: Fairchild Publications, 1990) gives these definitions: Supermarket: A supermarket is any full-line, self-service grocery store with sales volume of $2 million or more annually. Chain: A company which operates eleven or more stores in total. A chain store unit is a store operated...

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