Missing the Breast: Gender, Fantasy, and the Body in the German Enlightenment

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. Jared Diamond, “Father’s Milk,” Discover 16:2 (1995), 82–87. 2. Ibid., 87. 3. Barbara Correll, “Notes on the Primary Text: Woman’s Body and Representation in Pumping Iron II: The Women and ‘Breast Giver,’” Genre 22 (1989), 287–308. 4. Ibid., 301. 5. Ibid., 303. 6. Marilyn Yalom, A History of the Breast (New York: Knopf, 1997), 105. 7. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile; or, On Education, trans. Allan Bloom (New York: Basic Books, 1979), 46. 8. Anonymous, Physische Abhandlung von der mütterlichen Pflicht des Selbststillens und ihrem Einfluß auf das Wohl des Staates. Nach der Vorschrift des Herrn D. Tissot und anderer berühmten Aerzte (Augsburg: Eberhard Kletts Wittwe and Franck, 1788), 10. 9. Ibid., 13. 10. Franz Pomezny, Grazie und Grazien in der deutschen Literatur des 18. Jahr289 hunderts (Hamburg and Leipzig: L. Voss, 1900), 112. See also Anne Hollander, Seeing Through Clothes (New York: Avon, 1980), 203. 11. See Mary Jacobus, “Incorruptible Milk: Breast-feeding and the French Revolution ,” in First Things: The Material Imaginary in Literature, Art, and Psychoanalysis (New York: Routledge, 1995), 207–30; Madelyn Gutwirth, “Caritas and the Republic: Imaginaries of the Breast,” in The Twilight of the Goddess: Women and Representation in the French Revolutionary Era (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press 1992), 341–68. 12. See Gutwirth, “Caritas and the Republic,” 360: “In the battle between nurture and eros, eros, now travestied as Domesticity, was victorious.” 13. The chronology of Laqueur’s assertion has been discredited by Stolberg, who shows without a doubt that the two-sex model was well in place before the eighteenth century and thus calls into question the nature of the connection between the two-sex model and Enlightenment repression of women; see Michael Stolberg, “A Woman Down to Her Bones: The Anatomy of Sexual Difference in the Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries,” Isis 94 (2003), 274– 99. Unassailed by this critique, however, is the notion that the two-sex model, regardless of when it was “invented,” was deployed by eighteenth-century Enlightenment thinkers in order to circumscribe the liberty apparently promised to female subjects. 14. Fildes refers to circumstances in France and even in Germany for the relevant period, but British material predominates; see Valerie A. Fildes, Breasts, Bottles and Babies: A History of Infant Feeding (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1986). See also George D. Sussman, Selling Mothers’ Milk: The Wet-Nursing Business in France, 1715–1914 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982), whose title speaks for itself; Janet Golden, A Social History of Wet Nursing in America: From Breast to Bottle (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2001). 15. See Ruth Perry, “Colonizing the Breast: Sexuality and Maternity in Eighteenth-Century England,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 5 (1991), 204– 34; Madelyn Gutwirth, The Twilight of the Goddess: Women and Representation in the French Revolutionary Era (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992); Mary Jacobus, First Things: The Material Imaginary in Literature, Art, and Psychoanalysis (New York: Routledge, 1995); Londa Schiebinger, “Why Mammals Are Called Mammals,” in Nature’s Body: Gender in the Making of Modern Science (Boston: Beacon Press, 1993); Valérie Lastinger, “Re-Defining Motherhood: Breast-Feeding and the French Enlightenment,” Women’s Studies 25 (1996), 603–17; Barbara Gelpi, Shelley’s Goddess: Maternity, Language, Subjectivity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Toni Bowers, The Politics of Motherhood: British Writing and Culture, 1680–1760 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 290 1996); Nina Prytula, “‘Great-Breasted and Fierce’: Fielding’s Amazonian Heroines,” Eighteenth-Century Studies 35 (2002), 173–94. 16. Bowers, in The Politics of Motherhood, argues that Samuel Richardson’s sequel to the enormously popular Pamela uses the issue of maternal breast-feeding as a means to explore “the relative authority of husband and wife over maternal behavior and the status of maternal subjectivity within marriage” (171), and that, although the husband prevails, “Pamela’s arguments for maternal breastfeeding are far more powerful and persuasive. Every correspondent except Mr. B. [her husband] agrees that maternal breastfeeding is much to be preferred over wetnursing, all things being equal” (170). See also Toni Bowers, “‘A Point of Conscience’: Breastfeeding and Maternal Authority in Pamela, Part 2,” in Susan C. Greenfield and Carol Barash, eds., Inventing Maternity: Politics, Science, and Literature, 1650–1865 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1999). 17. See Valérie Lastinger, “To Nurse and to Die: Rousseau and the Test of Fiction ,” European Journal of Women’s Studies 4 (1997), 421. Lastinger is...