State and Evolution: Russia's Search for a Free Market

Index

“administrative-command system,” 85. See also command economy agriculture: policy under Peter III and Catherine II, 34–35; nineteenth-century reforms in, 35–39; gains in, 39–40; postSoviet , 99. See also collectivization Amalrik, Andrei, 81, 128n22 Arbatov, Georgy, 76, 128n20 arms production, 98–99. See also military-industrial complex “Asiatic mode of production,” 4, 23, 56, 57, 61, 73, 107 bankruptcy laws, 98 Belarus: economic policy of, 98 Berdiaev, Nikolai, 28, 55, 122n8 Bernstein, Eduard, 19, 120n12 black market, 1970s, 74 Bolshevism, 44, 45, 63; “degeneration of,” 65, 66–67. See also ideology; national Bolshevism “Bronze Horseman,” 107–8, 130n2 Bulgakov, Mikhail, 64, 126n5 bureaucracy, 28, 33, 70, 101. See also nomenklatura; nomenklatura privatization bureaucratic market: defined, 73; 1953 to 1985, 62; as foundation for post-Soviet market, 84–86; 96, 101 bureaucratic privatization. See bureaucracy Čapek, Karel, 69, 127n12 capital accumulation: in medieval Europe, 13, 112 capital flow, growth of, 103,104 capitalism, “classic,” 22; crises in, 16, 18 capitalist restoration. See Thermidor Catherine II, 35, 123nn11, 12 Charter of the Nobility (1785), 34 Chubais, Anatoly, 93 civil society, 12, 32, 71; in Eastern Europe vs. Russia, viii Cold War, 1980s, 77 collectivization, 68 command economy, 73, 86 communes, peasant, 37, 39, 122n10 Communism: defined by Lenin, 49; as monopoly, 52; collapse of, 60, 62, 71; peak of, 61; as religion, cult, 63 Index 135 Communist Party: dictatorship of, 57; principles, 65; postSoviet , 69 Congress of People’s Deputies, 22, 120n14 consumer markets, 98 corruption, 7, 113–15 Crimean War, 36 currency stabilization, 103 customs fees, xiii Das Kapital, 3, 17 democracy: flaws in, 16 democratic institutions, creation of, xiv–xv demonopolization, 90 Depression. See Great Depression “developed socialism,” 66–67 Djilas, Milovan, 66, 127n9 “Eastern” systems: described, 4, 5–9, 121n15; Leninist fusion, 56; cycles in, 115 “East-West split” in Russian history, 24, 107 economic stagnation, 3, 6, 21, 23, 103 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 64, 126n4 elites, rise of, 14, 88 emancipation of serfs, 36–37, 40. See also serfdom “emergency reforms,” 89 federalism, xiii feudalism: in Western Europe, 11–14, 15; in Volhynia and Galitsia, 26 foreign capital in Russia, 41, 92 136 Index Frank, Semyon Lyudvigovich, 55, 126n19, 127n11 freeing of prices, 90, 91 Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievich, 113 Golden Horde, 26 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 76, 79 Great Depression, 20 Greece: property relations in, 9–10 Hayek, Friedrich August, 18, 115, 120n11 Heller, Mikhail, 60 Hilferding, Rudolf, 51, 125n13 Hitler, Adolf, 17 Ickes, Harold I., 52 ideology: changes in, 68; as religion or ritual, 70, 75, 108, 109. See also Bolshevism; Communism; statism and “statists” imperialism: defined by Lenin, 48–49. See also state-monopoly capitalism; totalitarianism industrial production: Russian and Soviet, 30, 41, 97, 98, 104 inflation, 97, 103, 114 Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible), 26, 27, 122n3 Jeªerson, Thomas, 118 “kamikaze team,” 89, 93 Kautsky, Karl, 51, 53, 125n13 Keynes, John Maynard, 20, 21, 22, 52, 115, 120n13 Khasbulatov, Ruslan Imranovich, 22, 121n14 Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich, 71 Komsomol, 60, 87 krugovaya poruka, 31, 37, 38, 96, 122n10. See also communes, peasant landownership, under Tatar yoke, 26. See also property ownership, private Larin, Yuri, 86 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich: on imperialism , 48–52; economic models, 47, 49–51; State and Revolution, 119n1; “The Three Sources and Three Components of Bolshevism ,” 124n1 Leontiev, Konstantin, 55 Livonian War, 29, 122n9 London, Jack, 51 mafia, Russian, 110, 114 markets, viii, 7, 9, 13, 15, 18, 20–22, 58, 83, 88 Marxism, 17, 19, 47–50, 62–63, 66 middle class, xiv, 33, 97, 104, 117 military-industrial complex, 47, 51, 77, 110. See also arms production military reform, xiv Mill, John Stuart, 11, 120n6, 129–30n9 mobilization economy, 6, 47, 48, 107 monetarism, 22 monopoly capitalism, 51–52 Naishul, Vitaly, 73, 127n17 national Bolshevism, 69, 76, 77 nation-states, rise of, 15 Index 137 Nekrich, Aleksandr, 60 NEP. See New Economic Policy New Deal, 20, 21 New Economic Policy (NEP), 61, 67, 86 nomenklatura, 59–60, 62, 65, 66, 72, 87, 119n3. See also bureaucracy nomenklatura capitalism, vii nomenklatura privatization, 79, 89–90, 95–96, 119n3 Novgorod: conquest of, 26 October Revolution, 53, 55–56 Ortega y Gassett, José, 70, 127n13 “Party limit,” 65, 126 perestroika, 7, 79 Peter III (Peter the Great), 30–32, 34, 72 Plehve, Vyacheslav Konstantinovich , 38, 123n15 Plekhanov, Georgy V., 53–54 Politburo, 74, 76 pomestye system, 26, 27, 34, 35, 122n4 Popov, Gavriil, 128n2 popular attitudes, post-Soviet, 104–5 “post-revolutionary stabilization,” x, xi, xiii Potresov...