Jewish Philanthropy and Enlightenment in Late-Tsarist Russia

Notes

notes introduction 1. “Protokol obshchego sobraniia chlenov Obshchestva za 1906–07,” 1532-1-633, list. 8–11. Although the official OPE record for the year refrains from mentioning the violence and few other sources picked it up, this internal document describes what occurred. David Fishman has a different interpretation of the same events. See Fishman, The Rise of Modern Yiddish Culture (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005), 33–47. 2. “Protokol obshchego sobraniia chlenov Obshchestva za 1906–07,” 1532-1-633, list 13. 3. For a coherent study of the Chernowitz Language Conference, see Emanuel Goldsmith, Architects of Yiddishism at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century: A Study in Jewish Cultural History (Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1976). 4. J. Klier, “The Jewish Den’ and the Literary Mice, 1869–71,” Russian History 1 (1983): 34. 5. For definitions of nationalism, see S. Grosby, Nationalism: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005) and A. Roshwald, The Endurance of Nationalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006). 6. E. Lederhendler, The Road to Modern Jewish Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 153. 7. Jonathan Frankel, The Damascus Affair: ‘Ritual Murder,’ Politics, and the Jews in 1840 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 435. 8. Lederhendler, 112–13. Michael Stanislawski correctly warns us to remember that the word kahal has two meanings, the local Jewish administration in a certain 239 area and the name for the Jewish community itself. Unless made explicit, I use kahal to refer to the local administration. “Russian Jewry, the Russian State, and the Dynamics of Jewish Emancipation,” in Paths of Emancipation: Jews, States, and Citizenship, ed. P. Birnbaum and I. Katzenelson (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995), 262–84. 9. Hayim Kazdan adumbrates the language debates in the society between 1905 and 1917 in Fun kheyder un shkoles biz Tsisho: dos Ruslendishe Yidntum: in gerangel far shul, shprakh, kultur (Buenos Aires: Shlomo Mendelson fond bay der gezelshaft far kultur un hilf, 1956), 367–407. 10. T. Endelman, “Assimilation,” YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, 2 vols. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2008)1:83. Incidentally the OPE did publish a Bible translation in Russian. See note 20, p. 240. 11. S. Dubnov (Kritikus), “Literaturnaia letopis’: itogi Obshchestva prosveshcheniia evreev,” Voskhod 10 (1891): 41–54. Dubnov later changed his position; see Kniga zhizni, materialy dlia istorii moego vremeni, vospominaniia i razmyshleniia (Jerusalem, 2002), 434. Ahad-Ha’am displayed his anger about the society’s general orientation toward “assimilation” in a speech he gave to the OPE in 1902: “Rech’ Akhad-Gaama,” Budushchnost’ 25, (June 21, 1902): 487–89. Bialik’s outburst against the society can be found in Otchet o soveshchanii komiteta OPE s predstaviteliami otdelenii , 25–27 dekabria 1912 (St. Petersburg, 1913), 19. On the Orthodox rabbi’s attitude , see E. Lederhendler, Jewish Responses to Modernity: New Voices in America and Eastern Europe (New York: New York University Press, 1994), 77–94. See also Ester [Ester Frumkin], Tsu der frage vegen der yiddisher folkshul (Vilnius: Di Velt, 1910) and E. Haberer, Jews and Revolution in Nineteenth-Century Russia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 206–29. 12. I. Levitats, The Jewish Community in Russia, 1844–1917 (Jerusalem: Posner and Sons, 1981), 69; D. Vital, The Origins of Zionism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), 123, 125–26; and A. Orbach, New Voices of Russian Jewry: A Study of the RussianJewish Press of Odessa in the Era of the Great Reforms, 1860–1871 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1980), 99–100. 13. This traditional interpretation has become the standard one. See S. Ettinger in “The Modern Period,” A History of the Jewish People, ed. H. H. Ben-Sasson (Cambridge , Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976), 813–69. 14. See Y. L. Rosenthal, Toldot hevrat marbe kaskalah be-Yisra’el be-erez Rusya mishenat hityasdutah 624 (1863) ’ad shenat 646 (1885), 2 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1885– 90); E. Tcherikover, Istoriia Obshchestva dlia rasprostraneniia prosveshcheniia mezhdu evreiami v Rossii, 1863–1913 (St. Petersburg, 1913); I. Trotky, “Samodeiatel’nost’ i samopomoshch’ evreev v Rossii (OPE, ORT, EKO, OZE, EKOPO),” Kniga o russkom evreistve ot 1860-kh godov do revoliutsii 1917 g. (New York: Soiuz russkikh evreev, 1960), 475–501; H. Sliozberg, Baron G. O. Gintsburg, ego zhizn’ i deiatel’nost’ (Paris, 1933); S. Ginzburg, “Di familiye Baron Gintsburg: drey doros shtadlonos, tsadeka un 240 Notes haskala,” Historishe werke, 3 vols. (New York: S. M. Ginsburg Testimonial Committee , 1937), 2: 117...