Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans

Illustrations

Illustrations Maps 22 1. Where Is Aztlán? Map of America by Abraham Ortelius, 1575 28 2. Mesoamerica 45 3. Ghana a.d. 1050 and Mali a.d. 1300 119 4. Arizona Photographs 6 1. My Father’s Aunts 6 2. My Father’s Uncle, Eulalio Robles 7 3. My Father, Lauro Menchaca Robles 9 4. A Family Visit to Chicomoztoc, Zacatecas 98 5. Mission San José 98 6. Mission San Juan de Capistrano and Aztec Dancers, 1996 99 7. Mission San Juan de Capistrano and My Sons at the Soldiers’ Quarters, 1996 99 8. Mission San Juan de Capistrano: Altar 116 9. Spanish Plaza, Nacogdoches, 1779 131 10. Reenactment of the Settlement at Presidio Hill, with Beds and Tents Used by the Colonists, 15 June 1996 139 11. Mission San Diego de Alcalá 142 12. Mission San Luis Rey 142 13. Mission San Luis Rey: Remains of the Soldiers’ Sleeping Quarters 143 14. Mission San Luis Rey: Luiseño Women’s Weaving Room 143 15. Mission San Luis Rey: The Candle Making Room 143 16. Mission San Luis Rey: Luiseño Metates and Grinding Stones 144 17. Mission San Juan Capistrano: Courtyard 145 18. San Buenaventura Mission 146 19. Mission Santa Bárbara 146 20. Mission Santa Bárbara: Courtyard 147 21. Mission Santa Bárbara: Entry Corridor 147 22. Mission Santa Bárbara: Main Kitchen 148 23. Avila Adobe in Olvera Street, Los Angeles, 1818 149 24. Santa Bárbara Presidio, Founded in 1782 149 25. Santa Bárbara Presidio: Comandante’s Office 149 26. Santa Bárbara Presidio: Oven 149 27. Santa Bárbara Presidio: Chapel 153 28. Old Town, San Diego 153 29. Old Town, San Diego: Estudillo House 153 30. San Diego: Presidio Hill Cannon 184 31. Lopez Adobe, near Ojai, California, 1830 184 32. Rancho Camulos Adobe, Piru, California, 1839 185 33. Rancho Camulos Chapel, Piru, California, 1839 200 34. Adolphus Sterne House, Nacogdoches, Texas: Meeting Place for Texas Independence Revolutionaries 262 35. Mission Indians Who Refused to Disperse: General José Pachito and the Captains at a Meeting at Mission San Antonio de Pala, 1885 268 36. Anglo-American Railroad Workers’ Tent City, near Ventura, California, 1887 271 37. Businessmen in Santa Paula, California, 1890s 272 38. Interior of a Hardware Store in Santa Paula, California, 1880s 273 39. Adolfo Menchaca-Camarillo Estate, Camarillo, California, 1893 288 40. Ku Klux Klan Burning a Cross in Santa Paula, California, 1924 300 41. Some of the Last Full-Blooded Chumash Indians, Ventura, California, 1880s 303 42. Rafael Solares, Dressed in Antap Ritual Clothing, 1878 304 43. Mission Santa Inés 306 44. Gonzalez Family Chumash Heirlooms 307 45. Elena Gonzalez and My Son, Carlos Valencia 307 46. Martha Gonzalez and Betty Valencia-Cruz 308 47. Chumash Rock Art Heritage Field Trip, San Marcos Pass 308 48. Pete Crowheart Zavalla, Los Padres National Forest Guide, San Marcos Pass 308 49. John Carrillo Viewing His Ancestors’ Art, San Marcos Pass 309 50. Chumash Rock Art at San Marcos Pass, a.d. 500 x Recovering History, Constructing Race ...