Carnival and Other Christian Festivals: Folk Theology and Folk Performance

Index

Index W abbayes de la jeunesse (youth abbeys ),  Abercrombie, Thomas, – Adams, Henry,  Albert II and Paola (king and queen of Belgium),  Albi (France),  Alegría, Ricardo, –, –,  Alford, Violet,  Allariz (Galicia),  Allen, Catherine, ,  Almagro, Diego de, – Alost (Belgium),  altars, , , , , , , , –, –, , ,  Álvarez Nazario, Manuel,  amontato, – ancestors. See machukuna; viejos andas (litter), , –, , –, – angels, , , , , –, , , –, –, –, , – , –, –. See also Gabriel; Michael animals in performance: ant, , –; armadillo, ; ass, –; bear, ,  (see also ukuku); bull, , , ; condor , , , –, ; cow, –, –, ; dog, , ; donkey, , , –, , ; dragon, , , –, –, , –, , –, –, , , –; duck, ; eagle, , , , –, , –, , ; elephant, ; giraffe, , ; goat, , , ; griffin, , ; guita, –, ; horse, , – , , , , , , , ,  (see also hobbyhorse); lion, –; llama, , , , , , ; monkey, ; mouse, ; mule, , , , –, , ; ox, , ; parrot, , , , , , , ; pelican, ; pig, –, –, , , , ; python, ; quetzal, –; rabbit, , ; snake, –, – , ; stag, ; werewolf, ,  Ann, Saint, ,  Anthony of Padua, Saint,  Antibes (France),  Antolín, San (Saint Anthony of Pamiers), , –, –, , , ,  Antonio Abad, San (Saint Anthony of Egypt), , ,  Arima (Trinidad),  arotzak (blacksmiths), –, – asceticism, , , , ,  ashes: as festive weapon, , , –; and Lent,  Atahualpa (Inca ruler), – auto de fe, –  +      Ayala family, , ,  Ayamarca, ,  Aymara, , , – Aztecs: , , , , –; in mock battles, , , . See also danzas Baby Doll, ,  Bacchanalia, , , , ,  bailes de bomba (drum dances), ,  baldachin, , , , , , ,  balls (dances): d’en Serralonga, –; figuetaires (makers of faces), ; gitanes (gypsies), ; moixiganga (mummers), –; pastorets (little shepherds), ; pla (plain), ; turcs i cavallets (Turks and hobbyhorses), –, , –,  bandits: Cornelio, –, , ; Lorenzo, Agustín, ; Miel Otxin, –; NinaNina /Chiru-Chiru, , , ; Serralonga, Joan de, –, –,  Bantu, –,  Barbara, Saint, , ,  Barcelona (Catalonia), , , , –, ,  Barth, Karl,  Bascom, William, ,  Basel, Council of,  basil, – Basque, , – Beaumont (Belgium),  Beelzebub,  Beltrán, Augusto,  Berga (Catalonia), , –, , , , , ,  Bettelheim, Judith, , n Bielsa (Aragon), –, , –  big heads, , , . See also dwarfs Binche (Belgium), –, ,  Binche, Fêtes de (),  birds. See animals blackface, , –, , ,  blacksmiths. See arotzak Blaise, Saint (San Blas),  Blanco, José María,  Blancs Moussis, – Boleyn, Anne,  Bonafoux, Louis,  Bookman,  Bosch, Hieronymus, – bourgeoisie, , , , , , , – Bové, Francesc, – boy bishop, , ,  Brighella,  Brown, Peter,  Brugarola, Martín,  Burke, Peter, – Burkhart, Louise,  caballeros, , –, –,  Cahill, David,  calypso,  Camuñas (Castile-La Mancha), – , , , – Cañari, – Canboulay, –, , ,  Cánepa Koch, Gisela,  caporal (overseer), , –, – Carnival, –, , –, , , , , , – Caro Baroja, Julio, ,  castellers, , , –,  Castro, Ignacio de, – chains, , , , –, ,  Chambers, E. K.,  chapetones, ,  charivari,  Charles V, emperor (Charles I, king of Spain), , ,  Chichimeca, ,   +  Chilche, Francisco,  China Supay, – cholos, , , ,  Christ, Jesus, , , , , –, , ; and art, –, , , ; birth and childhood, , , –, , ; humanity, – , , –, –, , , ; miracles, ; parables, ; passion, , , , , , , , –, , –, ; resurrection, –, , , , ; rule, –, , , , . See also Christs Christmas, –, –, –, ,  Christopher, Saint, , – Christs: Burgos, ; Qoyllur Rit’i, – Chunchos, –, –, , –, –, , –. See also Q’apaq Chuncho; Q’ara Chuncho cigarrones, , ,  Claretie, Léo, , ,  clogs, , , ,  Clotet, María-Angels,  clowns, , , , –, , ,  Cocho, Federico,  Comédie Italienne/commedia del’arte, –, –, . See also under specific character names comedy, , –, , , –, , , ,  confetti, , –, – confraternities, , , –, –,  Constantinople,  Consuegra (Castile-La Mancha), , –, ,  conversion, religious, –, . See also conversos; mariscos conversos, –, –, – , ,  convivencia, , ,  Cornelio. See bandits Corpus Christi, , –, , , , –, , , –, , –. See also Patum Cortés, Hernán, ,  counterclockwise, , , , –, , –,  Coventry (England), ,  Creole, –, , , – cross/crucifix: as stage prop, , – , , ; in art, ; in Aztec cosmology, ; on costumes, , , , –, , , ; on face, –; processional, – , –, –, –, , – cross-dressing: as angels, , ; during Carnival, –, , –, –, , , ; in dances, , , –; during Feast of Fools, , –; during uprising, –. See also Imilla; locas; madamas; Malinche; mam’zelles Cusco (Peru), –, , – Dame Lorraine, ,  Dancers (Camuñas), – dances: circle (rondeau), , , ; circle (zortzikoa), –, ; march, ; morris, , ; pilgrim, ; polka, –; pyrrhic, , , ; rumba, ; square, , ; stick, , , , –, , ; sword, , –, –; waltz, . See also bailes; balls; danzas; Q’apaq Chuncho; Q’apaq Negro; Q’apaq Qolla; Q’ara Chuncho ; qhaswas; Qoyacha; salts danzas (dances): azteca, –, , ; concheros, –, ; conquista , , ; contradanza, , –, , ; danzaq, ; herreros (ironmongers), ; inditos , ; Majeños, , –,  +      ; maromeros (tightrope walkers ), –, ; Mishaguas, ; moros y cristianos, , , ; negritos, –; quetzales, , ; santiaguitos, –, –, ; saqra (devil), ; tejer el cordón (weave the thread), – Dasairas, Xerardo,  Day, Charles, – Dean, Carolyn,  demons/devils: in Aragon, , ; in art, ; in Basque Country, , , ; in Belgium, ; in Bolivia, , –, –, –, ; in Castile-La Mancha , , , ; in Catalonia, –, –, , –, , , ,  (see also salts); comic, , , ; in Mexico, ; in Peru, , ; popularity of, –; in Puerto Rico, , , – (see also vejigantes); as symbols of freedom, ; in Trinidad, , , –, , –,  devil, the, , , . See also Beelzebub; Bookman; Lucifer; Satan Diego, Juan, –, ,  Dijon (France), – Diocletian (Roman emperor), ,  dragon. See animals Drewal, Henry, ,  drink: barreja (muscatel wine and anise liqueur), , ; beer, , , , , , , , ; chicha (maize beer), ; coffee, ; cognac, ; punch, ; queimada (liquor made from fruit and coffee beans), ; rum, ; trago (cane alcohol), ; wine, , , –, , , ; zurra (white wine, lemonade, and sugar), ,  Duffy, Eamon,  dwarfs, , , , , , , , , . See also big heads Easter week, , , , , ,  effigies, , , , , –, , , , – Espinosa, Armando, , –, ,  Falla, Manuel de, ,  Farràs, Jaume, – Feast of Fools, –, –, , , , – feathers, , –, –, , , –, , , –, , –, –, , –,  Felix, Saint, –, –, ,  Ferdinand II and Isabella (rulers of Spain), , – fireworks: in Andalusia, ; in Aragon, , –; in Belgium, , ; in Bolivia, ; in Castile-La Mancha, ; in Catalonia , –, –, –, , – , –, ; in England, ; in Mexico, , , ; in Peru, ; in Puerto Rico,  floats, , , , , , ,  flour (or other white powder): on festive bodies, , , , , –; as festive weapon, , , –, , – flowers: in costumes, , , ; decorative, , –, –, , , ; as offering, , , , , ; paper, , ; roses, ,  food: alpaca jerky, ; bacalaitos (cod fritters), ; banana, , ; black pudding, , ; bread, , , , , , , ; candy, , , ; chachucha (cured  +  head of pork), , ; cheese, , , ; chicken, , ; chiriuchu (cold spicy), ; coca, ; cod, ; corn/maize, , , , ; dessert, ; eggs, ; fish, ; flan...