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Aaron, Daniel, 141n.28 Acosta, Oscar Zeta: autobiographical writings by, 165–166n.1; on brownness , xiii; Chicanas’ responses to, 166n.8; and Chicano movement, 105; as lawyer, 119, 168n.18; physical appearance of, 168n.20; and Thompson , 104 –105, 166nn.6–7, 9, 168n.20. See also Autobiography of a Brown Buffalo (Acosta) Affirmative action, 10–11, 76 African Americans. See Blacks; Slavery Alarcón, Norma, 150n.6 Almaguer, Tomás, 154n.33 Alvarez v. Lemon Grove, 140n.14 An American Dilemma (Myrdal), 147n.35 Ancestors, 74. See also Forefathers Anzaldúa, Gloria, 149n.5, 152n.23 Atiya, Aziz S., 161nn.34, 36 The Autobiography of a Brown Buffalo (Acosta): blackness in, 125–126; buffalo image in, 106–107, 167n.13; on Chicano identity, 101, 131; compared with other novels, 12, 103, 104, 122, 131; court scene in Juárez in, 130; Dr. Serbin as psychiatrist in, 110– 111, 127–128; and gender, 105, 166n.8, 167n.11, 168n.22; homosexual in, 167n.11; indio in, 113, 130; intercultural convergences in, 4, 12, 13, 103, 107, 115, 125; and Lewis’s “culture of poverty,” 115, 118–120, 168n.24; and liminality, 101, 103, 106, 122, 125; and La Malinche, 126, 131, 169n.27; Mexico-U.S. border in, 128–131; “nigger” as term in, 19, 109, 112–113; “Okies” in, 111, 125–126, 131, 167n.13; Oscar’s brown body in, 108–114, 118, 168n.20; Oscar’s mother in, 113; Oscar’s past in, 107–108; Oscar’s talking back in, 127–128; Oscar’s youth in, 111–112, 125–126, 172–173n.12; and pachuco, 121–122, 124 –128, 169n.27; prostitution in, 129–130; publication date and publishing history of, 2, 12, 15–16, 103, 104 –105, 166n.9; and race, xiii, 105, 108–114; rape of Oscar in Mexican jail in, 130, 131; reception of, 11–12, 16, 104, 166nn.7–8; as road narrative, 106–108, 128–129, 167n.16; sexuality in, 111, 112, 130; structure of, 107; Texas Ranger in, 114, 167n.13, 168n.23; and tricksterism, 122–123, 125, 129; and War on Poverty, 119– 120; women in, 105, 111–112, 114, 129– 130, 166n.8, 167n.11, 168n.22 Autoethnography, 140n.19 Aztlán, xv, 25, 50, 137–138n.6 Bakhtin, M. M., 119, 167n.14 Baldwin, James, 14, 75, 158n.13, 162n.3 ind ex 192 “Shakin’ Up” Race and Gender Bannerman, Helen, 159n.20 Baraka, Amiri, 92 Benjamin, Walter, 21 Benmayor, Rina, 140n.13 Benston, Kimberly W., 156n.3 Berger, James, 147n.35 Berlin, Irving, 158n.16 Berman, Paul, 157nn.11–12 The Big Sea (Hughes), xiii–xiv Black Muslims, 14 –15 Black-white binary, 3– 4, 9–11, 39, 41, 44 – 45, 53–54, 57, 74. See also Race Blackface minstrelsy, 125–126, 156n.21 Blackness: in The Autobiography of a Brown Buffalo, 125–126; in Down These Mean Streets, 13, 18, 19, 41, 46– 47, 50–51, 58; and Ham’s curse, 81, 160n.27; of Puerto Ricans, 13, 18, 19, 38. See also Blacks; Negro; “Nigger” Blacks: and culture of poverty, 169n.29; derogatory slang terms for, 19, 46, 153n.24; in Down These Mean Streets, 17–18, 41, 55–66; families of, 2–3, 15, 23–24, 27, 32–35, 88–92, 146– 147nn.31–35, 155n.7; gender relations among, 100, 165n.23; lynching and violence against black men, 87, 90, 96, 146n.29, 155n.7, 163n.4; in Manchild in the Promised Land, 71–75, 85–100; and matriarchy, 32–35, 74, 79, 84, 87–92, 93, 98, 146n.32, 165n.23, 170n.39; military service for, 80, 160n.25; and passing for “Mexican” or Puerto Rican, xiii–xvi, 41; and Reconstruction, 32–33; relationship between Jews and, 75–76, 157– 158nn.10–12, 158nn.14,16; responses of, to Down These Mean Streets, 13, 44, 168–169n.26; Sapphire as stereotype of domineering black woman, 35, 147n.39, 165n.23; segregation of, 24, 76, 98, 155n.7; stereotypes of, 35, 64, 147nn.37, 39, 156n.22, 159–160n.23, 165n.23; urban migration of, 76, 77, 80, 91, 147n.35, 154n.1, 158n.12, 158– 159nn.17–18; and welfare system, 93, 163n.16; and white woman’s allure for black man, 154n.31; as zoot-suiters, 124, 172nn.6–7. See also Blackness; Moynihan report; Negro; “Nigger”; Slavery Blanco, Tomás, 153n.29 Bless Me Ultima (Anaya), 16 Blyden, Edward, 81, 161n.29 Bogart, Humphrey, 124, 172n.9 Bond, Jean Carey...

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