The Dance of Freedom: Texas African Americans during Reconstruction

INDEX

Ab initio controversy, 9. See also Pease, E. M. African Americans. See Blacks Agriculture, crimes concerning, 166 –170 Alamo City. See San Antonio Albert (freedman), 103 Albrecht, Winnell, 136 Allen, Richard, 208–209, 230 Anderson, Thomas, 63 Apprentice law, provisions of, 143–144 Apprenticeship: black concerns over, 44; and courts, 59; description of, 44 –45; legal cases involving, 58 Apprenticing law, and courts in Texas, 73 Apprenticing of children, 46 Apprenticing Statute of 1866, 45 Archer, John H., 188 Austin, Texas, 123–124 Austin Democratic Statesman (newspaper), 122 Baggett, James Alex, 4, 9, 227 Baker, Cullen, 108 Barnett, George, 170 Barns, Levi, 168 Barr, Alwyn, 14, 137, 203, 210 –211 Bayou City. See Houston Beath, David S., 189 Bell County, 195, 250 Belz, Herman, 199 Bickerstaff, Ben, 108 Bird, Luke, 168 Black Code of 1866: and blacks, 141; historians’ views on, 134 Black codes: arguments for, 135, 138; and blacks, 119–120; enactment of, 135, 148–150; historiography of, 134 –150; in southern states, 147; in Texas, 134 –150 Black politicians: assessment of by historians, 251; comparison of black politicians in the South, 212; need for further study of, 213; needs of, 236 Blacks: and agricultural crime, 166, 168; and apprenticing, 44 –45, 59– 61; barriers to unity of, 228; and children, 43, 46 –47, 71, 73; community life of, 4, 15, 41, 107, 122, 231, 234 –235; concern for morality, 60; and contract law, 141–143; and courts, 47, 59, 64 – 65; and education, 7, 120, 235; and 1868 constitutional convention, 227; family life of, 39, 42, 48, 58, 71, 75; and field agents, 188–189; and Freedmen’s Bureau, 46, 48, 63, 65; in historiography, 4, 13, 15, 203; and law, 54 – 63, 139–140, 162, 191; limitations upon, 141, 145; major concerns of, 211; and marriage, 62; and orphans, 44, 48; INDEX 262 The Dance of Freedom and politics, 13, 125, 203–214, 232; and prison, 159–174; and property, 15–16; and punishment law, 144; and rape law, 146; relations with whites, 63, 105; and the Republican Party, 12, 205; rights of in Texas, 141; and share cropping, 16; and slavery, 54; and social revolution, 161; statistical evidence of deaths of, 97–100; and Twelfth Texas Legislature, 14; and vagrancy law, 123, 144 –145; and vigilantes, 63; violence against, 6, 16, 97–100, 102, 104, 166 –168, 192; and women, 57, 63, 69. See also Field agents; Freedmen’s Bureau; Reconstruction ; Violence; Whites Black women: and children, 72, 75, 79, 81; and Freedmen’s Bureau, 72, 76 –77; in Houston, 69–83; as indigents , 76; and intermediaries, 71; and labor, 77–78; and marriage, 74; and pregnancy, 76; and prison, 170 –171; as prostitutes, 79; as vagrants, 79; violence against, 80 –82 Board of Public Labor, establishment of, 161 Booker T. Washington Papers, 207 Brazos County, 190, 194, 231 Brenham Banner (newspaper), 121 Brooks, George E., 102, 232–233 Brownsville Ranchero (newspaper), 120 Bryant, C. W., 230 Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands. See Freedmen’s Bureau Burlington, Edward, 73 Burns, Mary, 171 Butler, C. W., 128 Butler, James C., 188–189 Campbell, Randolph B., 17 Campbell, Stewart, 64 Carpenter, John A., 186 Carrier, John P., 136 Carson, Harriet, 73 Chapin, Walter T., 137 Children: apprenticing of, 44, 46, 58, 143–144; black attempts to reclaim, 43, 71; concerns for, 60; detention of, 72; economic rights of, 79; legal cases involving, 59– 62; as orphans, 44; and violence, 81, 106 –107 Churches, as targets of white violence, 107 Civil rights, 123, 125. See also Blacks; Freedmen’s Bureau; Reconstruction; Whites Civil Rights Act of 1866, 139 Civil War, as watershed in prison development , 159 Clarksville, Texas, 189, 235 Clompton, Henry, 168 Cole, Milly, 59 Cole, Peter, 59 Cole, Richard, 56 Colored Methodist Church, 244 Comprehensive Education Law of 1871, 10 Conservatives, 162 Contract law, 141–142 Convict leasing, 146 Cooper, George, 78 Corn, theft of, 169–170 Cotton, theft of, 169 Counties, historiography of in Texas, 17 County studies, 4 Courts, 64 Cox, A. H., 187 Criminal Offenses Committed in the State of Texas, 97. See also Texas Crouch, Barry, 206; views on field agents, 255; views on violence, 16 Culver, Charles E., 193 Cuney, Norris Wright, 207–208 Davis, Edmund J., 234; fight with railroads, 11 Index 263 DeGress, Col. Jacob C., 121 Delano, A. P., 246 –247 Democratic Party, and education, 10 Desperadoes: violence towards blacks, 108; and whites, 110 Devine...