Heraldry for the Dead: Memory, Identity, and the Engraved Stone Plaques of Neolithic Iberia

Index

 Åberg, Nils, 29 Acenha de la Borrega (Cáceres, Spain), 66 adzes, 119, 137, 137 agency: of material culture, 114, 173; of plaques, 114–115, 123, 133, 134, 140 agriculture, 5, 8–9, 13, 131, 175 Alapraia (Lisbon, Portugal), 50, 109 Alentejo province, Portugal: acidic soils of, 17; herringbone plaques in, 156; materialized lineage system in, 169; megalithic tombs of, 10–11, 111, 113, 173; mobility in, 175; nonperforated plaques from, 110; pastoral art of, 28; and plaques with low register numbers, 147; raw materials from, 5, 19, 81, 118, 174; textiles in, 132, 180n7; travelers in, 176 Aljezur (Faro, Portugal), plaques from, 36, 48, 50, 53, 55, 57, 59, 102 Almagro Gorbea, María José, 28, 31–32 Amanita muscaria, 128, 129 ambiguity: and agency of plaques, 114–115; of Biomorph plaques, 51–52, 126; field/ ground ambiguity, 48, 50, 115; low-level/ high-level ambiguities, 115–117, 179n2; in visual perception, 116–117, 118 Ameghino, Florentino, 1, 21–22, 23, 142 amphibolite, 1, 3, 5, 78, 80, 81, 174 amulets, 1, 21, 22, 172 ancestors: ancestral landscapes, 5, 10–11; relics of, 16, 172; worship of, 171 animals: as domesticates, 7–8, 9, 170; as metaphors, 121–124, 126–131; shamans identified with, 126–127 Anta 2 do Couto da Espanhola, Portugal, 11 Anta 3 da Herdade de Santa Margarida, 36 Anta da Herdade dos Galvões (Évora, Portugal ), 136. See also Galvões Anta da Marquesa (Portalegre, Portugal), 136. See also Marquesa Anta Grande do Olival da Pega (Évora, Portugal ), 14, 16. See also Olival da Pega I Anta Grande do Zambujeiro (Évora, Portugal ), 12, 13, 165 Antas (Évora, Portugal), 136 anthropomorphic representations, 14, 21, 27–30, 34, 35. See also Biomorph plaques archaeology and archaeologists: approach to material culture, 114; Correia on, 27; and diffusionism, 24; and ethnographic comparisons , 28–29; and evidence of violent conflict, 12; excavations of engraved stone plaques, 14, 17, 19, 113, 121; and Gardin’s classification systems, 32; and idealist models, 4; and intentionality of ancient peoples, 39–40; and material mnemonics, 171; and memory studies, 5; on Mother Goddess, 7; and nationalism, 21, 23; and ocularity in plaques, 122–123; and poststructuralism, 142; and research on plaques, 19, 20, 22–23; Simões on, 21, 27 architectural mimesis, 173 Argentina, 21–22 artisans: and assertive style, 46–48, 179n1; conventions used by, 144; and genealogical model, 152; intentionality of, 38, Italic page numbers refer to figures.  index artisans (continued) 39–40, 42, 134, 152; specialization of, 101, 103. See also engraving Assyrian motifs, 26–27 asymmetry: of barn owl, 124, 126; and formal variability, 42, 43; Gonçalves on, 36; and stylistic variability, 50–51, 50, 101, 102. See also symmetry Avis (Portalegre, Portugal), 111, 113 axes: in Bronze Age, 140; and burial practices , 11; in Early and Middle Neolithic Iberia, 134; engraved stone plaques compared to, 30, 117–119, 121, 137, 140, 173– 174; hafted axes, 21, 137, 137; raw materials for, 5 Azinheira (Évora, Portugal), 165 Aztec writing system, 141, 152 Bachofen, Johann Jakob, 27–28 bacula, 30, 135, 136, 137, 139, 145 bands: variability in Classic plaques, 55, 56, 158, 164; vertical band motif, 42, 44, 135, 156, 164 Barbacena (Portalegre, Portugal), 68 Barber, Elizabeth, 131–132, 133 barn owl (Tyto alba), 122, 124, 125, 130–131, 169 Beaker period, 19, 139, 140 Bell Beaker ceramics, 139, 139 biography/life history of plaques: creation of plaques, 82–103; Estácio da Veiga on, 23; and historical and sociopolitical landscape, 76; possible trajectories of, 112, 113; and raw materials, 77–82, 113; and recycling, 19, 110, 113; use of, 103–110, 144; Vasconcelos on, 24 Biomorph plaques: ambiguous qualities of, 51–52, 126; Biomorph Simple plaques, 68, 69, 70, 123, 126, 129–131, 169; Biomorph Whiskered plaques, 70, 70, 71, 72, 103, 123, 126, 127, 129–131, 132, 169; classification of, 68, 70; design elements of, 123–124, 124, 140, 145, 166, 169; geographic distribution of, 69, 70, 71, 72, 103, 130–131, 135, 166, 180n5; perforations of, 110, 122. See also anthropomorphic representations; zoomorphic representations bipartite plaques: Classic plaques as, 51, 52–53, 53, 56; and design elements, 40, 42, 42; and strap curvature variability, 47, 49; and stylistic variability, 50, 51 Boone, Elizabeth, 141, 143 Bradley, Richard, 11, 173 Brissos 6 (Évora, Portugal), plaques from, 40, 48, 53, 55, 95, 97, 157 Bronze Age, 133, 140 Buddhism, and ocular motifs, 123 Bueno Ramírez, Primitiva, 34, 137 Buraco da Pala (Bragan...